普遍文法

普遍文法（英语：universal grammar，缩写为 UG），又译为普遍语法，一种语言学理论，最有名的提倡者为乔姆斯基。这个理论认为在人类能够学习到各种文法的普遍能力，是内建在大脑中的。它可以用来解释语言习得的一般过程，说明儿童在发展语言时，使用同一个法则，来学习不同的语言。

这个想法最早可以追溯到英国的哲学家培根。最早提出这个理论的语言学家，是乔姆斯基、萨丕尔、与理查德·蒙塔古。

培根及早期哲学家[编辑]

乔姆斯基的理论[编辑]

20世纪80年代初，乔姆斯基和其他一些语言学家提出了普遍语法理论，也称为原则与参数理论。

乔姆斯基认为，人类的大脑，只使用几组固定的规则来组织语言。所以，他假设所有的语言，在底层都拥有相同的文法结构。这几组有限的规则，称为普遍文法（universal grammar）。

他们认为，普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系，存在于正常人的大脑中。根据这一原则和参数体系，普遍语法包括一套普遍原则，利用这些原则，可以不断合成短语；普遍语法还含有一系列参数，这些参数可以帮助和指导普遍原则更好地操作。

参考文献[编辑]

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"Of Universal Grammar". In "Grammar". Encyclopædia Britannica, (1771).
Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
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Smith, Adam. "Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages". In Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 203–226.
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Tomasello, M. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01030-2.
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http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000100 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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Chomsky, Noam: Rules and Representations. Columbia University Press, New York 1980.
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Chomsky, Noam: The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008): Language as shaped by the brain. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)
Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009): The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)
Tomasello, M. (1995): Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)
Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.

外部链接[编辑]

Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.

参见[编辑]