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普遍文法

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普遍文法(英語:universal grammar,縮寫為 UG),又譯為普遍語法,一種語言學理論,最有名的提倡者為喬姆斯基。這個理論認為在人類能夠學習到各種文法的普遍能力,是內建在大腦中的。它可以用來解釋語言習得的一般過程,說明兒童在發展語言時,使用同一個法則,來學習不同的語言。

這個想法最早可以追溯到英國的哲學家培根。最早提出這個理論的語言學家,是喬姆斯基薩丕爾、與理查德·蒙塔古

培根及早期哲學家

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喬姆斯基的理論

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20世纪80年代初,乔姆斯基和其他一些语言学家提出了普遍语法理论,也称为原则与参数理论。

喬姆斯基認為,人類的大腦,只使用幾組固定的規則來組織語言。所以,他假設所有的語言,在底層都擁有相同的文法結構。這幾組有限的規則,稱為普遍文法(universal grammar)。

他们认为,普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系,存在于正常人的大脑中。根据这一原则和参数体系,普遍语法包括一套普遍原则,利用这些原则,可以不断合成短语;普遍语法还含有一系列参数,这些参数可以帮助和指导普遍原则更好地操作。

參考文獻

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  • Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.

外部連結

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参见

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