用户:陈增泽/沙盒

**Autodesk 123D**
开发者	Autodesk
首次发布	2009年2月
操作系统	Windows 7; OS X 10.7 or later; iOS
类型	三维绘图软件
许可协议	免费软件
网站	www.123dapp.com

显影电脑断层扫描是需要使用显影剂的电脑断层扫描。通常，用于电脑断层扫描的显影剂是基于碘(Iodinated contrast)的类型。这对于凸显出类似血管之类的结构很有用，否则这些结构将很难从周围的环境中划出轮廓。使用显影剂还可以帮助医师取得该组织的功能讯息^[1] 。

对比剂自动跟踪[编辑]

对比剂自动跟踪技术（Bolus Tracking）是一种延时扫描技术，直到造影剂流入主动脉时才开始扫描。^[2] 它根据血管使用感兴趣区域(Region of interest,ROI)，在一定的水平上跟踪对比度的大小，当对比度达到某个水平后再使用电脑断层扫描仪器进行跟踪。也因此，影像的获取速度会跟显影剂在血管中移动的速度一样快。这种方法主要用于产生动脉影像，例如主动脉，肺动脉，脑动脉，颈动脉和肝动脉。

冲淡[编辑]

冲淡(Washout)是指最初在动脉注入的显影剂，在随后的静脉或后期恢复到低密度的状态。例如肝细胞在动脉时，由于是快速的动脉血，病灶处在动脉相时可以很快的立即显影，不过显影剂也很快就被冲淡了。^[3] ^[4]

相位(Phases)[编辑]

有标准化的协定可用于注射显影剂和获取影像之间的时间间隔，以视觉化不同器官和其余组织中对比度增强的状态。^[5] 其主要阶段如下：^[6]

相位	注射时间^[6]	追踪时间^[6]	目的与发现^[6]
非增强电脑断层扫描(Non-enhanced CT,缩写:NECT)	-	-	Calcifications Fat in tumors such as in adrenocortical adenomas Fat-stranding as seen in inflammation such as appendicitis, diverticulitis and omental infarction
肺动脉相(Pulmonary arterial phase)	6-13 秒^[7]	-	Pulmonary embolism (can use bolus tracking in pulmonary trunk + 6 seconds)^[8]
肺静脉相(Pulmonary venous phase)	17-24 秒^[7]	-
Early systemic arterial phase	15-20 秒	立即	Arteries, without enhancement of organs and other soft tissues.
早期全身动脉期(Late systemicarterial phase) Sometimes also called "arterial phase" or "early venous portal phase"	35-40 秒	15-20 秒	All structures that get their blood supply from the arteries have optimal enhancement. Some enhancement of the portal vein
Pancreatic phase	30^[9] or 40^[10] - 50^[10] 秒	20-30 秒	Pancreatic cancers become hypodense compared to the parenchyma.^[10]
Hepatic (most accurate) or late portal phase	70-80 秒	50-60 秒	Liver parenchyma enhances through portal vein supply, normally with some enhancement of the hepatic veins.
Nephrogenic phase	100 秒	80 秒	All of the renal parenchyma enhances, including the medulla, allowing detection of small renal cell carcinomas
Systemic venous phase	180 秒	160 秒	Detect venous thrombosis
Delayed phase Sometimes called "wash out phase" or "equilibrium phase"	6^[6]-15 秒	6^[6]-15 秒	Disappearance of contrast in all abdominal structures except for tissue with fibrosis, which appears more radiodense.

血管摄影[编辑]

CT血管摄影是在感兴趣的血管的位置和corresponding phase阶段拍摄的显影电脑断层扫描，以检测血管疾病。例如，腹部主动脉血管造影是在腹部水平的动脉期进行的，例如:可用于检测主动脉夹层。^[11]

剂量[编辑]

成人[编辑]

下表显示了正常体重成年人的剂量。但是，对于有碘显影剂风险的患者，如过敏反应，显影剂诱发的肾病，对甲状腺功能的影响或药物不良相互作用，可能需要调整甚至停止使用剂量。

正常体重成年人的足够剂量
情况		碘浓度
情况		300 mg/ml	350 mg/ml	370 mg/ml
脑部CT		95ml^[12]	80 ml^[12]	75 ml^[12]
胸部CT	整体	70 - 95 ml^{[notes 1]}	60 - 80 ml^{[notes 1]}	55 - 75 ml^{[notes 1]}
胸部CT	CT肺血管造影	20 ml^{[notes 2]}	17 ml^{[notes 2]}	15 ml^{[notes 2]}
腹部CT	整体	70 ml^[12]	60 ml^[12]	55 ml^[12]
腹部CT	肝	55 ml^{[notes 3]}	45 ml^{[notes 3]}	40-45 ml^{[notes 3]}
CT 电脑断层血管摄影术		25 ml^{[notes 4]}	20 ml^{[notes 4]}

对于体重不正常的人，应调整剂量，在这种情况下，调整应与人的净体重(英语:Lean body mass,LBM)成比例。在肥胖症患者中，布尔公式是常被选择的方法^[13]

男性: 净体重(LBM) = (0.407 × W) + (0.267 × H) − 19.2

女性: 净体重(LBM)= (0.252 × W) + (0.473 × H) − 48.3

儿童[编辑]

用于儿童的标准剂量：^[14]

情况	碘浓度
情况	300 mg/ml	350 mg/ml
一般情况	2.0 ml/kg	1.7 ml/kg
脑部、颈部或胸部的CT	1.5 ml/kg	1.3 ml/kg

不利影响[编辑]

碘显影剂可能会引起过敏反应，显影剂则可能引起肾脏疾病或甲状腺功能亢进症。但是，碘显影剂没有绝对会发生的副作用，因此需要谨慎衡量风险及使用它带来的好处。^[15] 通常，其放射剂量可能会增加诱发的癌症的风险。注射碘显影剂有时可能导致其外渗（英语：Extravasation (intravenous)）^[16]。

Notes[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2
0.3–0.4 gI/kg in a 70kg individual, according to:
- Iezzi, Roberto; Larici, Anna Rita; Franchi, Paola; Marano, Riccardo; Magarelli, Nicola; Posa, Alessandro; Merlino, Biagio; Manfredi, Riccardo; Colosimo, Cesare. Tailoring protocols for chest CT applications: when and how?. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 2017, 23 (6): 420–427. ISSN 1305-3825. PMC 5669541 . PMID 29097345. doi:10.5152/dir.2017.16615.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2
Using dual energy CTA (such as 90/150SnkVp), according to:
- Leroyer, Christophe; Meier, Andreas; Higashigaito, Kai; Martini, Katharina; Wurnig, Moritz; Seifert, Burkhardt; Keller, Dagmar; Frauenfelder, Thomas; Alkadhi, Hatem. Dual Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography with 6g Iodine—A Propensity Score-Matched Study. PLOS ONE. 2016, 11 (12): e0167214. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5132396 . PMID 27907049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167214.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2
The liver generally needs an enhancement of at least 30 HU for proper evaluation according to:
- Multislice CT 3. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG. 2010. ISBN 9783642069680.
In males at 30 years of age, there is an estimated 0.027 HU of liver parenchymal enhancement per kilogram of body weight and per gram of iodine, when injected at 4 ml per second, according to:
- Bae, Kyongtae T. Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches. Radiology. 2010, 256 (1): 32–61. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 20574084. doi:10.1148/radiol.10090908 .
This example takes the example of a man with a typical weight of 70 kg.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1
CT-angiography in a 70kg person, with 100-150 mg I/kg by using 80 kVp, mAs-compensation for constant CNR, fixed injection duration adapted to scan time, automatic bolus tracking and a saline chaser, according to:
- Nyman, Ulf. Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) Gram-Iodine/GFR Ratio to Predict CIN and Strategies to Reduce Contrast Medium Doses. 2012. doi:10.5772/29992 .

References[编辑]

^ Webb, W. Richard; Brant, Wiliam E.; Major, Nancy M. Fundamentals of Body CT. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 152. ISBN 9780323263580 （英语）.
^ 主動脈剝離.
^ 螺旋式電腦斷層掃描儀對鑑別肝細胞癌與肝血管瘤的應用.
^ Choi, Jin-Young; Lee, Jeong-Min; Sirlin, Claude B. CT and MR Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part II. Extracellular Agents, Hepatobiliary Agents, and Ancillary Imaging Features. Radiology. 2014, 273 (1): 30–50. ISSN 0033-8419. PMC 4263770 . PMID 25247563. doi:10.1148/radiol.14132362.
^ Bae, Kyongtae T. Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches. Radiology. 2010, 256 (1): 32–61. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 20574084. doi:10.1148/radiol.10090908 .
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Robin Smithuis. CT contrast injection and protocols. Radiology Assistant. [2017-12-13].
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Page 584 in: Ákos Jobbágy. 5th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 14 - 18 September 2011, Budapest, Hungary. Volume 37 of IFMBE Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. ISBN 9783642235085.
^ Pavan Nandra. Introducing the use of Flash CTPA; how does it compare to standard CTPA?. Postering. 2018.
^ Raman SP, Fishman EK. Advances in CT Imaging of GI Malignancies.. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2012, 5 (3 Suppl 1): S4–9. PMC 3413036 . PMID 22876336.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Otto van Delden and Robin Smithuis. Pancreas - Carcinoma. Radiology Assistant. [2017-12-15].
^ Page 424 in: Stuart E. Mirvis, Jorge A Soto, Kathirkamanathan Shanmuganathan, Joseph Yu, Wayne S Kubal. Problem Solving in Emergency Radiology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. ISBN 9781455758395.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 New Zealand Datasheet (PDF). New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. [2018-10-16].
^ Caruso, Damiano; De Santis, Domenico; Rivosecchi, Flaminia; Zerunian, Marta; Panvini, Nicola; Montesano, Marta; Biondi, Tommaso; Bellini, Davide; Rengo, Marco; Laghi, Andrea. Lean Body Weight-Tailored Iodinated Contrast Injection in Obese Patient: Boer versus James Formula. BioMed Research International. 2018, 2018: 1–6. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 6110034 . PMID 30186869. doi:10.1155/2018/8521893.
^ Nievelstein, Rutger A. J.; van Dam, Ingrid M.; van der Molen, Aart J. Multidetector CT in children: current concepts and dose reduction strategies. Pediatric Radiology. 2010, 40 (8): 1324–1344. ISSN 0301-0449. PMC 2895901 . PMID 20535463. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1714-7.
^ Stacy Goergen. Iodine-containing contrast medium. InsideRadiology - The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists. [2019-02-22]. Page last modified on 26/7/2017
^ Hrycyk J, Heverhagen JT, Böhm I. What you should know about prophylaxis and treatment of radiographic and magnetic resonance contrast medium extravasation. Acta Radiol. 2019, 60 (4): 496–500. PMID 29896979. doi:10.1177/0284185118782000.

External links[编辑]

CT with IV contrast in low renal function. Radlines.org.

号角号角是一种管状的乐器，形状往往是弯曲的，在古代，号角是通是用兽角制作而成，而现代的号角通常是由金属制作而成。

号角在古代的军旅中通常被用作发号施令或提振士气的乐器，使用方式是对号角比较狭窄的一端吹奏，由宽度比较大的另一端发出声音。

在部分情况，号角的吹孔往往是圆锥的形状，不像其他铜管乐器呈显宽度大于长度的扁平状。

二维多平面重建(英语：2D Multiplanar reconstruction,MPR)，是被大量用于分析电脑断层扫描影像的技术。可用于在正交平面（冠状，矢状，轴向或倾斜，选择任意平面）中重建影像，这可以帮助医疗人员建立解剖结构在多个平面的视觉效果。

在医学影像中，要进行3D重建，最容易的方式是将所有的横切面推叠起来，而支援MPR的软件可以从各种不同的角度切割物体(像是纵切面)。

例子[编辑]

以牙科为例，当牙医使用使用Cone Beam CT(锥状断层扫描(Cone-beam Computerized Tomography))等扫描技术，于电脑中建立3D影像后，从而可以利用立体渲染技术看出完整的口腔结构，而使用二维多平面重建 (MPR)技术可在任意平面及斜面中重建影像，这可以帮助牙医师观察牙齿在各个角度的解剖结构，而这种效益是仅使用一般影像显示技术所无法实作的。

支援MPR的软件[编辑]

Autodesk 123D是由Autodesk开发的免费3D建模工具，除了基本的绘图和建模功能外，亦包含堆叠、排列、切割等进阶功能。

2017年，Autodesk表示不会再更新Autodesk 123D，除了Autodesk 123D Circuits以外，所有的套件皆以停产，并由Tinkercad，Fusion 360和ReMake取代。

Autodesk 123D的套件[编辑]

Autodesk 123D包含以下套件：

Catch: 从相机拍摄的不同角度的多张照片中建立3D模型。
Sculpt+:可雕塑3D模型。
Make: 可将3D模型转换成多张2D的切片影像。
Design: 建立简易的3D模型。
Creature: 可以在iPad上建立Creature。
Circuits: 可模拟面包板与电路设计。
Tinkercad: 建立3D打印的工具。
MeshMixer: 处理多边形的工具。

暂存页面(个人用):
罗素的茶壶
 循环论证
 特例假设
 神的存在性
 燃素说
 科拉超深钻孔
 戴森球
 恒星
 月球空心说
 地球空洞说
 大霹雳
 伪科学
 我们现在不知道，将来也不知道
 泛神论
 量子缠结
 观测者效应
 宇宙
 宇宙的终极命运
 大撕裂
 大挤压
 热寂
 重力奇异点
 黑洞资讯悖论
 红移
 事件视界
 事件视界望远镜
 黑洞
 时间
 奥伯斯佯谬
 人择原理
 地球殊异假说平庸原理
 费米悖论
 超常现象
 一次打击
 意外绞刑悖论
 动画物理学
 LATEX
自由意志
 生命的意义
 智能设计
 恐怖谷理论
 技术奇异点
 巴纳姆效应
 喀尔文主义预定论
 圣诞节休战
 决定论
※蓝光滤波※讨论贡献 2021年4月25日 (日) 10:56 (UTC)

※蓝光滤波※讨论贡献 ※蓝光滤波※讨论贡献

※蓝光滤波※讨论 贡献

^ Autodesk 123D Design. Autodesk 123D Design. Autodesk, Inc. [March 27, 2017].

[IezziLarici2017-13] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 0.3–0.4 gI/kg in a 70kg individual, according to:
Iezzi, Roberto; Larici, Anna Rita; Franchi, Paola; Marano, Riccardo; Magarelli, Nicola; Posa, Alessandro; Merlino, Biagio; Manfredi, Riccardo; Colosimo, Cesare. Tailoring protocols for chest CT applications: when and how?. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 2017, 23 (6): 420–427. ISSN 1305-3825. PMC 5669541 . PMID 29097345. doi:10.5152/dir.2017.16615.

[2] Iezzi, Roberto; Larici, Anna Rita; Franchi, Paola; Marano, Riccardo; Magarelli, Nicola; Posa, Alessandro; Merlino, Biagio; Manfredi, Riccardo; Colosimo, Cesare. Tailoring protocols for chest CT applications: when and how?. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 2017, 23 (6): 420–427. ISSN 1305-3825. PMC 5669541 . PMID 29097345. doi:10.5152/dir.2017.16615.

[LeroyerMeier2016-14] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Using dual energy CTA (such as 90/150SnkVp), according to:
Leroyer, Christophe; Meier, Andreas; Higashigaito, Kai; Martini, Katharina; Wurnig, Moritz; Seifert, Burkhardt; Keller, Dagmar; Frauenfelder, Thomas; Alkadhi, Hatem. Dual Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography with 6g Iodine—A Propensity Score-Matched Study. PLOS ONE. 2016, 11 (12): e0167214. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5132396 . PMID 27907049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167214.

[4] Leroyer, Christophe; Meier, Andreas; Higashigaito, Kai; Martini, Katharina; Wurnig, Moritz; Seifert, Burkhardt; Keller, Dagmar; Frauenfelder, Thomas; Alkadhi, Hatem. Dual Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography with 6g Iodine—A Propensity Score-Matched Study. PLOS ONE. 2016, 11 (12): e0167214. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5132396 . PMID 27907049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167214.

[Liver-15] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 The liver generally needs an enhancement of at least 30 HU for proper evaluation according to:
Multislice CT 3. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG. 2010. ISBN 9783642069680.
In males at 30 years of age, there is an estimated 0.027 HU of liver parenchymal enhancement per kilogram of body weight and per gram of iodine, when injected at 4 ml per second, according to:
Bae, Kyongtae T. Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches. Radiology. 2010, 256 (1): 32–61. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 20574084. doi:10.1148/radiol.10090908 .
This example takes the example of a man with a typical weight of 70 kg.

[6] Multislice CT 3. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG. 2010. ISBN 9783642069680.

[7] Bae, Kyongtae T. Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches. Radiology. 2010, 256 (1): 32–61. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 20574084. doi:10.1148/radiol.10090908 .

[Angiography-16] 4.0 ^4.1 CT-angiography in a 70kg person, with 100-150 mg I/kg by using 80 kVp, mAs-compensation for constant CNR, fixed injection duration adapted to scan time, automatic bolus tracking and a saline chaser, according to:
Nyman, Ulf. Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) Gram-Iodine/GFR Ratio to Predict CIN and Strategies to Reduce Contrast Medium Doses. 2012. doi:10.5772/29992 .

[9] Nyman, Ulf. Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) Gram-Iodine/GFR Ratio to Predict CIN and Strategies to Reduce Contrast Medium Doses. 2012. doi:10.5772/29992 .

[1] Webb, W. Richard; Brant, Wiliam E.; Major, Nancy M. Fundamentals of Body CT. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 152. ISBN 9780323263580 （英语）.

[2] 主動脈剝離.

[3] 螺旋式電腦斷層掃描儀對鑑別肝細胞癌與肝血管瘤的應用.

[ChoiLee2014-4] Choi, Jin-Young; Lee, Jeong-Min; Sirlin, Claude B. CT and MR Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part II. Extracellular Agents, Hepatobiliary Agents, and Ancillary Imaging Features. Radiology. 2014, 273 (1): 30–50. ISSN 0033-8419. PMC 4263770 . PMID 25247563. doi:10.1148/radiol.14132362.

[Bae2010-5] Bae, Kyongtae T. Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration and Scan Timing at CT: Considerations and Approaches. Radiology. 2010, 256 (1): 32–61. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 20574084. doi:10.1148/radiol.10090908 .

[radiologyassistant-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 Robin Smithuis. CT contrast injection and protocols. Radiology Assistant. [2017-12-13].

[IFMBE-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Page 584 in: Ákos Jobbágy. 5th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 14 - 18 September 2011, Budapest, Hungary. Volume 37 of IFMBE Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. ISBN 9783642235085.

[8] Pavan Nandra. Introducing the use of Flash CTPA; how does it compare to standard CTPA?. Postering. 2018.

[pmid22876336-9] Raman SP, Fishman EK. Advances in CT Imaging of GI Malignancies.. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2012, 5 (3 Suppl 1): S4–9. PMC 3413036 . PMID 22876336.

[pancreatic-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Otto van Delden and Robin Smithuis. Pancreas - Carcinoma. Radiology Assistant. [2017-12-15].

[11] Page 424 in: Stuart E. Mirvis, Jorge A Soto, Kathirkamanathan Shanmuganathan, Joseph Yu, Wayne S Kubal. Problem Solving in Emergency Radiology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. ISBN 9781455758395.

[NZ-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 New Zealand Datasheet (PDF). New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. [2018-10-16].

[CarusoDe_Santis2018-17] Caruso, Damiano; De Santis, Domenico; Rivosecchi, Flaminia; Zerunian, Marta; Panvini, Nicola; Montesano, Marta; Biondi, Tommaso; Bellini, Davide; Rengo, Marco; Laghi, Andrea. Lean Body Weight-Tailored Iodinated Contrast Injection in Obese Patient: Boer versus James Formula. BioMed Research International. 2018, 2018: 1–6. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 6110034 . PMID 30186869. doi:10.1155/2018/8521893.

[Nievelsteinvan_Dam2010-18] Nievelstein, Rutger A. J.; van Dam, Ingrid M.; van der Molen, Aart J. Multidetector CT in children: current concepts and dose reduction strategies. Pediatric Radiology. 2010, 40 (8): 1324–1344. ISSN 0301-0449. PMC 2895901 . PMID 20535463. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1714-7.

[19] Stacy Goergen. Iodine-containing contrast medium. InsideRadiology - The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists. [2019-02-22]. Page last modified on 26/7/2017

[pmid29896979-20] Hrycyk J, Heverhagen JT, Böhm I. What you should know about prophylaxis and treatment of radiographic and magnetic resonance contrast medium extravasation. Acta Radiol. 2019, 60 (4): 496–500. PMID 29896979. doi:10.1177/0284185118782000.

[21] Autodesk 123D Design. Autodesk 123D Design. Autodesk, Inc. [March 27, 2017].

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[4]

[5]

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[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

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[15]

[16]