多巴胺受体D4
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多巴胺受體D4是一種由DRD4基因編碼的G蛋白偶聯受體。[6]
和其他多巴胺受體亞型一樣, D4受體由神經傳導物質——多巴胺活化。它與思覺失調症,帕金森症,躁鬱症,上癮行為,以及諸如厭食症, 貪食症和暴食症等神經性進食紊亂症等許多神經學或心理學狀況相關。
此受體也是許多治療思覺失調症和帕金森症的靶標. D4受體被認為與D2-類似,被活化的受體抑制腺苷酸環化酶,從而減少細胞內第二資訊傳遞質環磷腺苷的濃度。[7]
基因學
[編輯]此人體蛋白由 11號染色體上位於11p15.5的基因DRD4編碼。
人類基因中有輕微的變化(變異/多態):
此基因的變異與多種行為表型相關,包括自主神經系統失常,注意缺陷障礙,[9] 思覺失調症,[10] 以及尋求新奇的人格特徵。[11]
48-鹼基對VNTR(可變數量串聯重複)
[編輯]外顯子3中的48-鹼基對可變數量串聯重複(VNTR)有2至11次重複。 等位基因的頻率在人群中變化很大,例如,7-重複版本在美洲很高而在亞洲則很低。[12] 「長」版本的多態基因是重複6到10次的等位基因。7R對多巴胺分子的反應強度似乎要略弱一些。[13]
'長DRD4'變體, 或更具體地即7重複(7R),鬆散地與形成ADHD [14]
以及其它的心理特徵和異常的易感性相關。
48-鹼基對VNTR已經成為了在跨文化環境下對其在人類行為的進化和角色方面所作出的諸多推測的主題。7R等位基因似乎在4萬年前就已經被選擇出來。[12] 1999年,陳(音)及其同事[15] 觀察到那些在過去3萬年到1萬年間遷移得比較遠的人類群體帶有7R/長等位基因的頻率較高。他們也指出遊牧人群帶有7R等位基因的頻率比定居人群高。 較近期,也有觀察到擁有7R等位基因的游牧人阿里爾人健康狀況更好。然而,定居不久的(非游牧)帶有7R等位基因的阿里爾人似乎有輕微的健康退化狀況。[16]
尋奇性格
[編輯]儘管有關於DRD4 48鹼基對VNTR與「尋奇性格」(具有愛探索和愛刺激人的一種性格特質)之間關聯的早期發現,[17][18] 2008年的一項 統合分析對比了36份出版了的關於「尋奇性格」和多態性的研究,沒有找到有效相關性。關於11份研究的統合分析確發現了基因的另一多態性——-521C/T顯示出與「尋奇性格」的聯繫。[19] 。究其各種情況,「尋奇」行為可能是由幾個基因介導的,僅歸因於DRD4本身所造成的變化並不是特別大。
認知發展
[編輯]有一些研究指出育兒過程可能影響帶有DRD4 7-重複等位基因兒童的認知發展。[20] 具有母性感受、正念和自治支持的育兒過程在15個月時對兒童後來在18至20個月的執行性功能有益[20] 經歷較差育兒過程的兒童比那些有較好經歷者更衝動且更追求感官刺激。[20]高質量的育兒過程與兒童在四歲時較好的努力控制 相關。[20]
配體
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/D4_ligands.png/400px-D4_ligands.png)
促效劑
[編輯]- WAY-100635: 全效 促效劑, 帶有5-HT1A拮抗組分[21]
- A-412,997: 完全促效劑, 對超過79種不同的受體和離子通道選擇性>100倍。[22]
- ABT-724 - 開發用於治療勃起功能障礙[23]
- ABT-670 - 比ABT-724口服生物利用率高[24]
- FAUC 316: 部分促效劑, 對其他多巴胺受體子類型選擇性>8600-fold倍[25]
- FAUC 299: 部分促效劑[25]
- (E)-1-芳基-3-(4-吡啶哌啶-1-基)丙酮肟[26]
- PIP3EA: 部分促效劑[27]
- Flibanserin - 部分促效劑
- PD-168,077 - D4選擇性但也綁定到α1A, α2C 和 5HT1A
- CP-226,269 - D4選擇性但也綁定到D2, D3, α2A, α2C 和 5HT1A
- Ro10-5824 - 部分促效劑
受體拮抗劑
[編輯]- A-381393: 強效,亞型選擇性拮抗劑 (>2700倍)[28]
- FAUC 213[29]
- L-745,870[30][31]
- L-750,667[32]
- S 18126: 也叫 σ1 affin[33]
- Fananserin - 混合型5-HT2A / D4 拮抗劑
- Clozapine,一種典型的抗精神病藥物
反促效劑
[編輯]可參見
[編輯]參考列表
[編輯]- ^ 對多巴胺受体D4起作用的藥物;在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069696、ENSG00000276825 - Ensembl, May 2017
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- ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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- ^ Chen CS, Burton M, Greenberger E, Dmitrieva J. Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe. Evolution and Human Behavior. September 1999, 20 (5): 309–324. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00015-X.
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- ^ Ebstein RP, Novick O, Umansky R, Priel B, Osher Y, Blaine D, Bennett ER, Nemanov L, Katz M, Belmaker RH. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking. Nat. Genet. January 1996, 12 (1): 78–80. PMID 8528256. doi:10.1038/ng0196-78.
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- ^ Cowart M, Latshaw SP, Bhatia P, Daanen JF, Rohde J, Nelson SL, Patel M, Kolasa T, Nakane M, Uchic ME, Miller LN, Terranova MA, Chang R, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Namovic MT, Hollingsworth PR, Martino BR, Lynch JJ, Sullivan JP, Hsieh GC, Moreland RB, Brioni JD, Stewart AO. Discovery of 2-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (ABT-724), a dopaminergic agent with a novel mode of action for the potential treatment of erectile dysfunction. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. July 2004, 47 (15): 3853–64. PMID 15239663. doi:10.1021/jm030505a.
- ^ Patel MV, Kolasa T, Mortell K; et al. Discovery of 3-methyl-N-(1-oxy-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-2'H-[2,4'-bipyridine]-1'-ylmethyl)benzamide (ABT-670), an orally bioavailable dopamine D4 agonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J. Med. Chem. December 2006, 49 (25): 7450–65. PMID 17149874. doi:10.1021/jm060662k.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Hübner H, Kraxner J, Gmeiner P. Cyanoindole derivatives as highly selective dopamine D4 receptor partial agonists: solid-phase synthesis, binding assays, and functional experiments. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43 (23): 4563–9. PMID 11087581. doi:10.1021/jm0009989.
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- ^ Kulagowski JJ, Broughton HB, Curtis NR; et al. 3-((4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-methyl)-1H-pyrrolo-2,3-b-pyridine: an antagonist with high affinity and selectivity for the human dopamine D4 receptor. J. Med. Chem. May 1996, 39 (10): 1941–2. PMID 8642550. doi:10.1021/jm9600712.
- ^ Patel S, Freedman S, Chapman KL; et al. Biological profile of L-745,870, a selective antagonist with high affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1 November 1997, 283 (2): 636–47. PMID 9353380.
- ^ Patel S, Patel S, Marwood R; et al. Identification and pharmacological characterization of [125I]L-750,667, a novel radioligand for the dopamine D4 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. December 1996, 50 (6): 1658–64. PMID 8967990.
- ^ Millan MJ, Newman-Tancredi A, Brocco M, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Audinot V, Rivet JM, Schreiber R, Dekeyne A, Spedding M, Nicolas JP, Peglion JL. S 18126 ([2-[4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl methyl]indan-2-yl]), a potent, selective and competitive antagonist at dopamine D4 receptors: an in vitro and in vivo comparison with L 745,870 (3-(4-[4-chlorophenyl]piperazin-1-yl)methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2, 3b]pyridine) and raclopride. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1 October 1998, 287 (1): 167–86 [2013-02-15]. PMID 9765336. (原始內容存檔於2003-07-12).
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外部連結
[編輯]- Dopamine Receptors: D4. IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. (原始內容存檔於2012-03-05).
- Current Research on the DRD4 Gene
- 醫學主題詞表(MeSH):Receptors,+Dopamine+D4
- Marisa Wilson. Are you a thrill seeker??. Davidson College. [2008-04-05]. (原始內容存檔於2008-01-05).
- The D4DR Gene. D4DR Club. [2008-04-05]. (原始內容存檔於2008-04-30).
多巴胺受體D4引用了美國國家醫學圖書館提供的資料,這些資料屬於公共領域。
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