左翼集團 (葡萄牙)

左翼集團
左翼集團; Bloco de Esquerda
	左翼集團標誌
簡稱	BE
領袖	集體領導
發言人	卡塔琳娜·馬丁斯
成立	1999年3月24日
合併自	革命社會黨; 人民民主聯盟; 政治21
總部	Rua da Palma, 268; 1100-394 里斯本
黨報	《左翼》
意識形態	民主社會主義; 社會民主主義; 女性主義; 較歐洲懷疑主義; 反資本主義; 生態社會主義; 左翼自由意志主義; 反建制
政治立場	左翼至極左翼
歐洲組織	歐洲左翼黨; 歐洲反資本主義左翼; 現在人民
歐洲議會黨團	歐洲聯合左翼/北歐綠色左翼
官方色彩	紅色（官方）; 栗色（慣用）;
共和國議會	5 / 230
歐洲議會	2 / 21
自治區議會	2 / 104
地方政府	0 / 3,066
選舉標誌
黨旗
官方網站
	www.bloco.org
	葡萄牙政治; 政黨 · 選舉

左翼集團（葡萄牙語：Bloco de Esquerda，縮寫為BE）是葡萄牙的一個左翼政黨，成立於1999年3月24日，由革命社會黨（托派政黨，第四國際葡萄牙支部）、人民民主聯盟（馬克思主義政黨，包含毛派和霍查派）和政治21（社會主義政黨，分裂自葡萄牙共產黨）三個政黨組成。

選舉結果[編輯]

共和國議會選舉[編輯]

選舉年份	共和國議會					政府	排名	領導	備註
選舉年份	票數	%	±pp	議席數	+/−	政府	排名	領導	備註
1999	132,333	2.4%		2 / 230		反對黨	第5	Francisco Louçã
2002	149,966	2.7%	▲0.4	3 / 230	▲ 1	反對黨	第5	Francisco Louçã
2005	364,971	6.4%	▲3.6	8 / 230	▲ 5	反對黨	第5	Francisco Louçã
2009	557,306	9.8%	▲3.1	16 / 230	▲ 8	反對黨	第4	Francisco Louçã
2011	288,923	5.2%	▼4.6	8 / 230	▼ 8	反對黨	第5	Francisco Louçã
2015	550,945	10.2%	▲5.0	19 / 230	▲ 11	議會支持	第3	卡塔琳娜·馬丁斯	議會支持安東尼奧·科斯塔
2019	500,017	9.5%	▼0.7	19 / 230	━ 0		第3	卡塔琳娜·馬丁斯

歐洲議會[編輯]

年份	得票數	得票比例	獲得席次	+/-	備註
1999	61,920	1.8 %	0 / 25		第5大黨
2004	167,313	4.9 %	1 / 24	▲ 1	第5大黨
2009	382,667	10.7 %	3 / 22	▲ 2	第3大黨 2011年黨籍議員Rui Tavares退黨後剩下2席^[14]
2014	149,764	4.56 (#5)	1 / 21	▼ 2
2019	325,450	9.82(#3)	2 / 21	▲1

參考資料[編輯]

^ Portal do Bloco de Esquerda - Mesa Nacional elege Comissão Política e Comissão Permanente. Portal do Bloco de Esquerda. 2014-12-01 [2014-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-29）.
^ Nordsieck, Wolfram, Portugal, Parties and Elections in Europe, [2012-10-23], （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）
^ Programa do Bloco é "essencialmente social-democrata". SÁBADO. 2019-02-09 [2022-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-03）.
^ 存档副本. [2015-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-25）.
^ 存档副本. [2015-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-30）.
^ 存档副本. [2013-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）.
^ Wall, Derek, The Rise of the Green Left: Inside the Worldwide Ecosocialist Movement, Pluto Press: 97, 2010
^ Freire, André, The Party System of Portugal, Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas (VS Verlag), 2006: 373
^ Portugal's bright outlook offers Europe some hope. Financial Times. 2019-08-25 [2022-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-07）. The alliance between Mr Costa’s Socialist Party (PS) and further left groups such as the anti-establishment Left Bloc was considered tenuous when it was forged in 2015.
^
- Risque pays du Portugal : Politique. Société Générale. [11 May 2019] （法語）.
- Portugal - Political Parties - Elections. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. [11 May 2019] （法語）. Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. 26 October 2015 [11 May 2019] （法語）. Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8).
- Portugal, Le paysage politique. BiblioMonde. [2018-12-11] （法語）. BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l』extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI. .
- When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.. Reuters. 31 July 2019.
^
- Left Bloc (BE). The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014 [26 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 May 2019）. The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures.
- Cunha, Carlos. Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2008 [16 March 2024]. ISBN 978-3525369128.
- March, Luke. Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2008: 4. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6.
- As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels. reuters.com. 31 March 2017 [11 May 2019] （英語）. The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe.
- Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left. Euronews. 11 July 2019.
^ EL-Parties Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2016-06-29. Party of European Left.[2018-06-02]
^ Bloco de Esquerda - GUE/NGL - Another Europe is possible. GUE/NGL. [2014-12-31]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-01）.
^ Rui Tavares rompe com o Bloco de Esquerda. Expresso. 2011-06-21 [2018-10-30]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）. 參數|newspaper=與模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建議改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (幫助)

[1] Portal do Bloco de Esquerda - Mesa Nacional elege Comissão Política e Comissão Permanente. Portal do Bloco de Esquerda. 2014-12-01 [2014-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-29）.

[parties-and-elections-2] Nordsieck, Wolfram, Portugal, Parties and Elections in Europe, [2012-10-23], （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）

[3] Programa do Bloco é "essencialmente social-democrata". SÁBADO. 2019-02-09 [2022-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-03）.

[4] 存档副本. [2015-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-25）.

[5] 存档副本. [2015-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-30）.

[6] 存档副本. [2013-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）.

[7] Wall, Derek, The Rise of the Green Left: Inside the Worldwide Ecosocialist Movement, Pluto Press: 97, 2010

[8] Freire, André, The Party System of Portugal, Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas (VS Verlag), 2006: 373

[9] Portugal's bright outlook offers Europe some hope. Financial Times. 2019-08-25 [2022-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-07）. The alliance between Mr Costa’s Socialist Party (PS) and further left groups such as the anti-establishment Left Bloc was considered tenuous when it was forged in 2015.

[left-wing-10] 
Risque pays du Portugal : Politique. Société Générale. [11 May 2019] （法語）.
Portugal - Political Parties - Elections. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. [11 May 2019] （法語）. Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. 26 October 2015 [11 May 2019] （法語）. Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8).
Portugal, Le paysage politique. BiblioMonde. [2018-12-11] （法語）. BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l』extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI. .
When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.. Reuters. 31 July 2019.

[11] Risque pays du Portugal : Politique. Société Générale. [11 May 2019] （法語）.

[12] Portugal - Political Parties - Elections. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. [11 May 2019] （法語）. Portugal : la coalition de droite conserve le pouvoir. perspective.usherbrooke.ca. 26 October 2015 [11 May 2019] （法語）. Deux autres partis de " gauche " étaient en lice pour les élections. Premièrement, le Bloc de gauche, considéré par le journal The Guardian comme étant une version portugaise du parti politique grec anti-austérité Syriza, a récolté 10,2% des suffrages (8).

[13] Portugal, Le paysage politique. BiblioMonde. [2018-12-11] （法語）. BE, le Bloc des gauches (Bloco da Esquerda) : formation regroupant l』extrême gauche portugaise depuis 1999. Influente dans les milieux intellectuels de la capitale, BE a obtenu 2,7% des voix et 3 députés en mars 2002 (soit un siège de plus qu’en 1999). BE comprend notamment l'Union démocratique populaire (União Democràtica Popular), le Parti socialiste révolutionnaire (Partido Socialista Revolucionario ) et Politica XXI. .

[14] When the Socialists came to power in 2015, they won the parliamentary support of two left wing parties, the Left Bloc and the Communists.. Reuters. 31 July 2019.

[far-left-11] 
Left Bloc (BE). The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014 [26 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 May 2019）. The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures.
Cunha, Carlos. Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2008 [16 March 2024]. ISBN 978-3525369128.
March, Luke. Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2008: 4. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6.
As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels. reuters.com. 31 March 2017 [11 May 2019] （英語）. The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe.
Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left. Euronews. 11 July 2019.

[16] Left Bloc (BE). The Democratic Society. 19 May 2014 [26 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於28 May 2019）. The Left Bloc is the more socially libertarian, and bohemian of Portugal's two far-left structures.

[17] Cunha, Carlos. Few but Pure and Good Members are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party's Continued Orthodoxy. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Hannah Arendt Institute Research on Totalitarianism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2008 [16 March 2024]. ISBN 978-3525369128.

[18] March, Luke. Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2008: 4. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6.

[19] As Europe left struggles, Portugal's alliance wins over voters and Brussels. reuters.com. 31 March 2017 [11 May 2019] （英語）. The unlikely alliance of center-left Socialists and two far-left parties has overcome deep scepticism since it was formed in 2015, achieving stability and maintaining economic recovery at a time of political uncertainty across Europe.

[20] Portugal PM says open to new alliance with far left. Euronews. 11 July 2019.

[12] EL-Parties Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2016-06-29. Party of European Left.[2018-06-02]

[13] Bloco de Esquerda - GUE/NGL - Another Europe is possible. GUE/NGL. [2014-12-31]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-01）.

[14] Rui Tavares rompe com o Bloco de Esquerda. Expresso. 2011-06-21 [2018-10-30]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）. 參數|newspaper=與模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建議改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (幫助)

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