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单倍群O-M175：修订间差异

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Youya Emeng（留言 | 贡献）
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下面地区有单倍群O：
下面地区有单倍群O：


* 中亚[[哈萨克斯坦]]的[[乃蛮]]族（65.81%）<ref>{{Cite book|title=E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017548|last=Dulik|first=Matthew C.|last2=Osipova|first2=Ludmila P.|date=2011-03-11|journal=PLoS ONE|issue=3|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017548|editor-last=Kayser|editor-first=Manfred|volume=6|pages=e17548|language=en|issn=1932-6203|last3=Schurr|first3=Theodore G.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, "中国西部人群的遗传混合", 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
* 俄罗斯的各种蒙古<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Y-chromosome lineage in five regional Mongolian populations|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.133|last=Yamamoto|first=Toshimichi|last2=Senda|first2=Tomoki|date=2013|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.133|volume=4|pages=e260–e261|issn=1875-1768|last3=Horiba|first3=Daiki|last4=Sakuma|first4=Masayoshi|last5=Kawaguchi|first5=Yuuka|last6=Kano|first6=Yuuichi}}</ref>突厥部落<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2013108|last=Malyarchuk|first=Boris|last2=Derenko|first2=Miroslava|date=2013-12|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|issue=12|doi=10.1038/jhg.2013.108|volume=58|pages=804–811|language=en|issn=1434-5161|last3=Denisova|first3=Galina|last4=Khoyt|first4=Sanj|last5=Woźniak|first5=Marcin|last6=Grzybowski|first6=Tomasz|last7=Zakharov|first7=Ilya}}</ref><ref name=":0" />有单倍群O
*俄罗斯的各种蒙古<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Y-chromosome lineage in five regional Mongolian populations|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.133|last=Yamamoto|first=Toshimichi|last2=Senda|first2=Tomoki|date=2013|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.133|volume=4|pages=e260–e261|issn=1875-1768|last3=Horiba|first3=Daiki|last4=Sakuma|first4=Masayoshi|last5=Kawaguchi|first5=Yuuka|last6=Kano|first6=Yuuichi}}</ref>突厥部落<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2013108|last=Malyarchuk|first=Boris|last2=Derenko|first2=Miroslava|date=2013-12|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|issue=12|doi=10.1038/jhg.2013.108|volume=58|pages=804–811|language=en|issn=1434-5161|last3=Denisova|first3=Galina|last4=Khoyt|first4=Sanj|last5=Woźniak|first5=Marcin|last6=Grzybowski|first6=Tomasz|last7=Zakharov|first7=Ilya}}</ref><ref name=":0" />有单倍群O
* 印度<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation|url=http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-9-154|last=Fornarino|first=Simona|last2=Pala|first2=Maria|date=2009|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154|volume=9|pages=154|language=en|issn=1471-2148|last3=Battaglia|first3=Vincenza|last4=Maranta|first4=Ramona|last5=Achilli|first5=Alessandro|last6=Modiano|first6=Guido|last7=Torroni|first7=Antonio|last8=Semino|first8=Ornella|last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first9=Silvana A}}</ref>的各种[[汉藏语系]]民族；https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_South_Asia<nowiki/>（南亚的单倍群）
* 印度<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation|url=http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-9-154|last=Fornarino|first=Simona|last2=Pala|first2=Maria|date=2009|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154|volume=9|pages=154|language=en|issn=1471-2148|last3=Battaglia|first3=Vincenza|last4=Maranta|first4=Ramona|last5=Achilli|first5=Alessandro|last6=Modiano|first6=Guido|last7=Torroni|first7=Antonio|last8=Semino|first8=Ornella|last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first9=Silvana A}}</ref>的各种[[汉藏语系]]民族；https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_South_Asia<nowiki/>（南亚的单倍群）
*[[巴基斯坦]]、[[哈扎拉人]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=}}</ref>
*[[巴基斯坦]]、[[哈扎拉人]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=}}</ref>
* 学者在伊朗（7%）<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/98/18/10244|last=Wells|first=R. Spencer|last2=Yuldasheva|first2=Nadira|date=2001-08-28|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|issue=18|doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098|volume=98|pages=10244–10249|language=en|issn=0027-8424|pmid=11526236|last3=Ruzibakiev|first3=Ruslan|last4=Underhill|first4=Peter A.|last5=Evseeva|first5=Irina|last6=Blue-Smith|first6=Jason|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Su|first8=Bing|last9=Pitchappan|first9=Ramasamy}}</ref>、土耳其<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586639|last=Cinnioğlu|first=Cengiz|last2=King|first2=Roy|date=2004-01|journal=Human Genetics|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4|volume=114|pages=127–148|issn=0340-6717|pmid=14586639|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Kalfoğlu|first4=Ersi|last5=Atasoy|first5=Sevil|last6=Cavalleri|first6=Gianpiero L.|last7=Lillie|first7=Anita S.|last8=Roseman|first8=Charles C.|last9=Lin|first9=Alice A.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />也发现了单倍群O，大概是因为[[蒙古帝国]]以及[[突厥人]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2|last=Damgaard|first=Peter de Barros|last2=Marchi|first2=Nina|date=2018-05|journal=Nature|issue=7705|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2|volume=557|pages=369–374|issn=0028-0836|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Simon|last4=Peyrot|first4=Michaël|last5=Renaud|first5=Gabriel|last6=Korneliussen|first6=Thorfinn|last7=Moreno-Mayar|first7=J. Víctor|last8=Pedersen|first8=Mikkel Winther|last9=Goldberg|first9=Amy}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />入侵了西亚；
* 学者在伊朗（7%）<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/98/18/10244|last=Wells|first=R. Spencer|last2=Yuldasheva|first2=Nadira|date=2001-08-28|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|issue=18|doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098|volume=98|pages=10244–10249|language=en|issn=0027-8424|pmid=11526236|last3=Ruzibakiev|first3=Ruslan|last4=Underhill|first4=Peter A.|last5=Evseeva|first5=Irina|last6=Blue-Smith|first6=Jason|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Su|first8=Bing|last9=Pitchappan|first9=Ramasamy}}</ref>、[[阿塞拜疆]]（3.03%）<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azeri DNA|url=https://anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?695-Azeri-DNA&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=01d92b576d8292c4c328adfe6240ed8794b16972-1581910079-0-AYKjgjA_dReDhRgtEPsUz80AgdLPYxdu6HFzQDUXc-xu_HV3o7fnXiMYVgm1JKQ0swOUK0eTrSwwLGI46pqRBYaQDy64EVNYIXk9Iy2i9N0kNnzEITe7rajnV6_JAV580tDpV85BwCR6CPes4J-59i4HS5f2dFlxiwj9Bun6Zc3wKgR2n075mx0ym5H9erhSzDKY7oAZnTyri3xxyXm5ucn9_oggbrK3lZndS4ZaD8Xzw4ABFYemZX8A_yK-WzStL3hXLvlH6ZMhPQ-KovCFi0yaETTBj0xdOcBUFuErBIp-jLLbwy74DJRBLZuwRFGk1A|accessdate=|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=}}</ref>、[[土耳其]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586639|last=Cinnioğlu|first=Cengiz|last2=King|first2=Roy|date=2004-01|journal=Human Genetics|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4|volume=114|pages=127–148|issn=0340-6717|pmid=14586639|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Kalfoğlu|first4=Ersi|last5=Atasoy|first5=Sevil|last6=Cavalleri|first6=Gianpiero L.|last7=Lillie|first7=Anita S.|last8=Roseman|first8=Charles C.|last9=Lin|first9=Alice A.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />也发现了单倍群O，大概是因为[[蒙古帝国]]以及[[突厥人]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2|last=Damgaard|first=Peter de Barros|last2=Marchi|first2=Nina|date=2018-05|journal=Nature|issue=7705|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2|volume=557|pages=369–374|issn=0028-0836|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Simon|last4=Peyrot|first4=Michaël|last5=Renaud|first5=Gabriel|last6=Korneliussen|first6=Thorfinn|last7=Moreno-Mayar|first7=J. Víctor|last8=Pedersen|first8=Mikkel Winther|last9=Goldberg|first9=Amy}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />入侵了西亚（[[塞尔柱帝国]]、[[奥斯曼帝国]]）；
* 美国和其他国家有很多带单倍群O<nowiki/>的移民
* 美国和其他国家有很多带单倍群O<nowiki/>的移民


2020年2月17日 (一) 03:30的版本

单倍群O-M175
File:Haplogroup O (2020).png
2020年世界上单倍群O的分布
起源时间约3万年前
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中国
上游单倍群单倍群NO
下游单倍群O-MSY2.2、O-M268、O-M122
对应突变M175、P186、P191、P196

单倍群O-M175（英語：Haplogroup O-M175）是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一，主要分布于中国[1][2][3][4]、东亚[5]、东南亚、南亚、中亚，源于单倍群NO。他们大多属于汉藏语系以及蒙古人种。

起源

比较老的图片，但是现代遗传研究证明了单倍群O在世界上更普遍

单倍群O首次出现于距今约3万年前[6][7]，出现地为中国、东亚、东南亚，[8][9][10][11][12]是单倍群NO-M214的两个下游单倍群之一（另一下游单倍群则是主要分布于欧亚大陆北部的单倍群N）。

张先生的研究说明：汉藏人来自中国的北方（甘肃青海地区），从北方移民到南方、西藏、西方（东干语）、印度、东南、等。[13]

分布

东亚与东南亚的人口中80%至90%属于单倍群O。中亚[14][15]、南亚、西伯利亚、西亚、欧洲、非洲、美洲也有单倍群O。

例如，乌拉尔人是汉族的同胞，都来自中国的中间。古突厥人和汉族有亲密的关系，而且突厥属于唐朝的安北都护府。蒙古帝国有很多汉军，而且蒙古汗将许多像郭侃这样的汉族人迁移到欧洲（德国、波兰、俄罗斯、金帐汗国）、中东（波斯、伊儿汗国）、以及土耳其（奥斯曼帝国）。的确目前很多欧洲人和伊朗人有单倍群NO。有一次遗传学家认为单倍群N和单倍群O是同样的（单倍群NO）。

南亚印度的东北方拥有很多单倍群O以及汉藏语系民族。[16]

由单倍群O分出的三个下游单倍群分别为O-MSY2.2、O-M268与O-M122。其中，O-MSY2.2主要分布中国东南沿海地区、侗台族群、南岛族群等。O-M268的主要支系O-M95常见于中国南方少数民族及中南半岛等地，另一支系O-M176则常见于朝鲜半岛与日本等地。而O-M122则遍布东亚与东南亚，也是中国最为常见的单倍群。

下面地区有单倍群O：

歷史

炎黄二帝、秦朝的秦始皇、以及汉朝的劉邦都有单倍群O。[27]唐朝宋朝明朝也有单倍群O的皇帝。中华人民共和国的毛泽东有单倍群O。

有人在英國羅馬帝國貴族軍事墓地發現了中國人的骨骼。[28][29][30][31]

大约公元前500年前，释迦牟尼在尼泊尔出生了。那时候很多汉藏语系民族住在尼泊尔（后来更多中亚雅利安人入侵了印度）。今天还有很多藏族人住在尼泊尔。所以释迦牟尼大概是蒙古人种，[32]有单倍群O。所以佛教也许是蒙古人种创建的宗教。藏族人的Bon宗教（苯教）相似Bud这个词汇。而且今天中国有世界上有最多的佛教徒，反而印度有很少佛教徒。最早的印度、中亚、东南亚、以及东亚的佛教雕像都看起来像中国人。[33]

印度的贵霜由汉藏语系的羌族月氏建设，贵族也许有单倍群O，说汉藏语系。

古突厥人和汉族有亲密的关系，而且突厥属于唐朝的安北都护府。

唐朝吐蕃尼泊尔的单倍群O汉藏语系联盟帮助在北印度战争了，帮助一位佛教国王击败了一名好斗的印度教叛军。

蒙古帝国有很多汉军，而且蒙古汗将许多像郭侃这样的汉族人迁移到欧洲（德国、波兰、俄罗斯、金帐汗国）、中东（波斯、伊儿汗国）、以及土耳其（奥斯曼帝国）。的确目前很多欧洲人和伊朗人有单倍群NO。

明朝鄭和艦隊的后裔还在东非（肯尼亞華人）。[34]

第二次世界大战时候，2万多个上海、香港、广州、新加坡的华人去英国帮助同盟國 (第二次世界大戰)打败纳粹德国。华人正常是最佳潜艇指挥官。这些华人娶了当地英国欧洲女，生很多混合儿子。不幸的是，英国政府将300多个中国父亲驱逐回中国，造成许多英国孩子现在正在中国寻找他们的战争父亲。比方说Yvonne一个女孩正在找寻她的上海父亲Nan Young。1943年Nan在利物浦跟她的母亲生孩子。[35]另一个战争孩子Foley成功地劝利物浦政府建造了一块纪念牌匾来纪念中国士兵。[36]

最近基因和語言上的研究說明漢藏語系跟印歐語系有親密的關係，即所謂的印歐人來自中國的西方以及蒙古（单倍群P、单倍群O有相同的祖先单倍群K，来自中国），也是古羌人的后裔。所以印欧人是汉藏语系的一部分。的确有学者认为英文自己是中文的方言。[37]（也参看Sino-German studies或中文跟印欧语系的关系。）

所以西方拥有越来越多单倍群O。

主要语系

系统树(O-M175)

以下系统树主要基于ISOGG于2017年的分类(wer.12.244)：[38]

O1（F265/M1354）

  • O1a(旧O1) (M119)
    • O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
      • O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
        • O1a1a1 (F446)
          • O1a1a1a (F140)
            • O1a1a1a1 (F78)
              • O1a1a1a1a (F81)
                • O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
                  • O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
                          • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
                • O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
            • O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
              • O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
                • O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
                  • O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
              • O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
          • O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
            • O1a1a1b1 (M101)
            • O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
              • O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
                • O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
        • O1a1a2 (CTS52)
          • O1a1a2a (CTS701)
            • O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
      • O1a1b (CTS5726)
    • O1a2 (M110)
      • O1a2a (F3288)
        • O1a2a1 (B392)
          • O1a2a1a (B393)
    • O1a3 (Page109)
  • O1b(旧O2) (M268)
    • O1b1 (F2320)
      • O1b1a (M1470)
        • O1b1a1 (PK4)
          • O1b1a1a(旧O2a) (M95)
            • O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
              • O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
                • O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
                              • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
                                • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
                • O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
                  • O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
              • O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
                • O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
                  • O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
                    • O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
                • O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
                  • O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
                  • O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
                • O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
            • O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
            • O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
          • O1b1a1b (F838)
            • O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
        • O1b1a2 (Page59)
          • O1b1a2a (F993)
            • O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
              • O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
          • O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
            • O1b1a2b1 (F840)
              • O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
            • O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
          • O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
    • O1b2(旧O2b) (P49, M176)
        • O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
          • O1b2a1a (F1204)
            • O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
              • O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
                • O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
              • O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
              • O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
            • O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
              • O1b2a1a2a (L682)
                • O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
                  • O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
                  • O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
                    • O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
              • O1b2a1a2b (F940)
            • O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
              • O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
          • O1b2a1b (CTS562)
        • O1b2a2 (Page90)

O2（O-M122）

单倍群O-M122
单倍群O-M122的等频率分布图
起源时间约3万年前[39]
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中国[40]或东南亚[41]
上游单倍群单倍群O-M175
对应突变M122[42]
    • O-M122 (M122)
      • O2a (M324)
        • O2a1 (L127.1)
          • O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
            • O2a1a1 (F2159)
              • O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
                • O2a1a1a1 (F852)
                  • O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
                    • O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
                      • O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
                        • O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
                  • O2a1a1a1b (F854)
                    • O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
                  • O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
              • O2a1a1b (F915)
                • O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
                  • O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
                    • O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
                    • O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
                    • O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
          • O2a1b (M164)
          • O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
            • O2a1c1 (F18)
              • O2a1c1a (F117)
                • O2a1c1a1 (F13)
                  • O2a1c1a1a (F11)
                    • O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
                      • O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
                        • O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
                          • O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
                            • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
                              • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
                                • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
                                • O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
                            • O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
                          • O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
                        • O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
                          • O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
                    • O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
                    • O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
                    • O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
                      • O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
                    • O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
                      • O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
                        • O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
                          • O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
                            • O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
                      • O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
                        • O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
                    • O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
                      • O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
                        • O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
                        • O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
                    • O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
                    • O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
                    • O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
                  • O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
              • O2a1c1b (F449)
                • O2a1c1b1 (F238)
                  • O2a1c1b1a (F134)
                    • O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
                    • O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
                • O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
              • O2a1c1c (CTS498)
            • O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
        • O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
          • O2a2a (M188)
            • O2a2a1 (F2588)
              • O2a2a1a (CTS445)
                • O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
                  • O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
                • O2a2a1a2 (M7)
                  • O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
                    • O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
                      • O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
                        • O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
                        • O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
                        • O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
                    • O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
                      • O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
                        • O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
                  • O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
              • O2a2a1b (F1837)
            • O2a2a2 (F879)
              • O2a2a2a (F1226)
                • O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
          • O2a2b (P164)
            • O2a2b1 (M134)
              • O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
                • O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
                  • O2a2b1a1a (M133)
                    • O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
                      • O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
                              • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
                                • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
                    • O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
                      • O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
                        • O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
                          • O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
                    • O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
                      • O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
                        • O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
                        • O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
                      • O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
                    • O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
                      • O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
                        • O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
                          • O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
                        • O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
                    • O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
                        • O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
                        • O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
                        • O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
                    • O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
                          • O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
                          • O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
                    • O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
                      • O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
                        • O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
                      • O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
                    • O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
                      • O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
                  • O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
                • O2a2b1a2 (F114)
                  • O2a2b1a2a (F79)
                    • O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
                                  • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
                  • O2a2b1a2b (F743)
                    • O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
                      • O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
                        • O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
                        • O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
                    • O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
                      • O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
                  • O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
            • O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
              • O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
                • O2a2b2a1 (N7)
                  • O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
                    • O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
                    • O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
                  • O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
                    • O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
                    • O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
                      • O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
                • O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
                  • O2a2b2a2a (F717)
                    • O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
                    • O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
                  • O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
                    • O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
                    • O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
                        • O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
              • O2a2b2b (A16433)
                • O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
                  • O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
                    • O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
                  • O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
        • O2a3 (M300)
        • O2a4 (M333)
      • O2b (F742)
        • O2b1 (F1150)
          • O2b1a (F837)
            • O2b1a1 (F1025)
        • O2b2 (F1055)
          • O2b2a (F3021)


人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树

Y染色体最近共同祖先
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

相关

注释

  1. ^ Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; Mao, Xianyun. Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature. 2004-09, 431 (7006): 302–305. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature02878 （英语）. 
  2. ^ Wen, Bo; Xie, Xuanhua; Gao, Song; Li, Hui; Shi, Hong; Song, Xiufeng; Qian, Tingzhi; Xiao, Chunjie; Jin, Jianzhong. Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2004-05, 74 (5): 856–865. PMC 1181980 可免费查阅. PMID 15042512. doi:10.1086/386292 （英语）. 
  3. ^ Wen, Bo. The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation. Science in China Series C. 2004, 47 (1): 1. ISSN 1006-9305. doi:10.1360/02yc0207 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, 9 (1): 154. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2720951 可免费查阅. PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 （英语）. 
  5. ^ Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2006-04, 172 (4): 2431–2439. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1456369 可免费查阅. PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270 （英语）. 
  6. ^ Scheinfeldt 2006
  7. ^ Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hong-Xiang Zheng et al. (2013), "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers." E-print at arXiv:1310.3897 [q-bio.PE].
  8. ^ Rootsi 2006
  9. ^ TMC & ?
  10. ^ Shi 2005
  11. ^ Bradshaw & ?
  12. ^ ISOGG 2012
  13. ^ Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi; Pan, Wuyun; Jin, Li. Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic. Nature. 05 2019, 569 (7754): 112–115. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31019300. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z. 
  14. ^ Di Cristofaro, Julie; Pennarun, Erwan; Mazières, Stéphane; Myres, Natalie M.; Lin, Alice A.; Temori, Shah Aga; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Witzel, Michael. Kayser, Manfred , 编. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLoS ONE. 2013-10-18, 8 (10): e76748. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3799995 可免费查阅. PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 （英语）. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Caner Berkman, Ceren; Togan, İnci. The Asian contribution to the Turkish population with respect to the Balkans: Y-chromosome perspective. Discrete Applied Mathematics. Networks in Computational Biology. 2009-05-28, 157 (10): 2341–2348. ISSN 0166-218X. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2008.06.037 （英语）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, 9 (1): 154. ISSN 1471-2148. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 （英语）. 
  17. ^ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.. 
  18. ^ Dulik, Matthew C.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Schurr, Theodore G. Kayser, Manfred , 编. Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions. PLoS ONE. 2011-03-11, 6 (3): e17548. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 （英语）. 
  19. ^ Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, "中国西部人群的遗传混合", 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.). 
  20. ^ Yamamoto, Toshimichi; Senda, Tomoki; Horiba, Daiki; Sakuma, Masayoshi; Kawaguchi, Yuuka; Kano, Yuuichi. Y-chromosome lineage in five regional Mongolian populations. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2013, 4 (1): e260–e261. ISSN 1875-1768. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.133. 
  21. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Khoyt, Sanj; Woźniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels. Journal of Human Genetics. 2013-12, 58 (12): 804–811. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108 （英语）. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/.  外部链接存在于|title= (帮助)
  23. ^ Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Underhill, Peter A.; Evseeva, Irina; Blue-Smith, Jason; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Pitchappan, Ramasamy. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001-08-28, 98 (18): 10244–10249. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 （英语）. 
  24. ^ Azeri DNA. 
  25. ^ Cinnioğlu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoğlu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; Lin, Alice A. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Human Genetics. 2004-01, 114 (2): 127–148. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. 
  26. ^ Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature. 2018-05, 557 (7705): 369–374. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. 
  27. ^ Pei He, Zhengmao Hu, Zuobin Zhu, Kun Xia, and Shi Huang. Han Chinese males with surnames related to the legendary Huang and Yan Emperors are enriched for the top two Neolithic super-grandfather Y chromosomes O3a2c1a and O3a1c, respectively (PDF). Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China （English）.  参数|title=值左起第139位存在換行符 (帮助)
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参考文献

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=单倍群O-M175&oldid=58192553”