作通型配列:修订间差异
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[[File:MorphSyntAlignSP-A.png|右|缩略图|200x200px|作通型语言的“作格阵线” A/S=P]] |
[[File:MorphSyntAlignSP-A.png|右|缩略图|200x200px|作通型语言的“作格阵线” A/S=P]] |
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{{Morphosyntactic alignment}}'''作通型配列'''({{lang|en|Ergative–absolutive alignment}}),也称为'''作通格配列'''、'''施通格配列'''、'''作格配列'''、'''施格配列'''或'''能格配列''',是一類[[配列]]方式,即在[[句法]]或[[词法学|形态]]上,将[[不及物動詞|不及物动词]]的单一变元和及物动词的[[受事]][[论元]]同等对待('''S=P'''),而区别对待[[及物動詞|及物动词]]的[[施事]]论元('''A''')<ref name="comrie89">{{Cite book|title=Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology|last=Comrie|first=Bernard|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1989|isbn=0226114333|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{rp|110}}。作通型配列可以在形态(编码性质)和句法(表现性质)两方面呈现<ref>Rude, Noel. (1983). Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma. ''Studies in African Linguistics'' 14 (3): 265-283.</ref><ref>Vydrin, Valentin. (2011). Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa:The case of Southwestern Mande. ''Studies in Language'' 35 (2): 409-443.</ref>,一方面在[[综合语]]中常藉由[[格 (语法)|格标记]]来表示;另一方面,一些语言的[[句法]]也会呈现作通型配列,但是十分罕见。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />此外,句法上作通型语言通常不是中心词前置就是中心词后置,且罕见[[主動賓語序|SVO语序]]。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institut für Linguistik - Startseite|url=https://linguistik.philol.uni-leipzig.de/start/|accessdate=2019-05-21|work=linguistik.philol.uni-leipzig.de}}</ref>呈现这种配列的语言称为'''作通格语言'''或者'''作格语言'''、'''施格语言'''、'''能格语言'''。[[巴斯克語]]、[[格鲁吉亚语]]、[[玛雅语]]、[[藏语]],和一些[[印欧语系|印欧语]]如[[库尔德语]]、[[印地语]]等,甚至[[闪米特语族|闪语族]]的[[阿拉姆语]]里面都存在这种配列。有些假说里面[[原始印欧语]]也被划为作通型语言,但仍十分有争议。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proto-Indo-European Ergativity... Still To Be Discussed|author=|url=|last=Bavant|first=Marc|journal=Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics|accessdate=20 April 2012|issue=4|doi=10.2478/v10010-008-0022-y|others=|year=2008|volume=44|page=|pages=433–447|pmid=}}</ref> |
{{Morphosyntactic alignment}}'''作通型配列'''({{lang|en|Ergative–absolutive alignment}}),也称为'''作通格配列'''、'''施通格配列'''、'''作格配列'''、'''施格配列'''或'''能格配列''',是一類[[配列]]方式,即在[[句法]]或[[词法学|形态]]上,将[[不及物動詞|不及物动词]]的单一变元和及物动词的[[受事]][[论元]]同等对待('''S=P'''),而区别对待[[及物動詞|及物动词]]的[[施事]]论元('''A''')<ref name="comrie89">{{Cite book|title=Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology|last=Comrie|first=Bernard|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1989|isbn=0226114333|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{rp|110}}。作通型配列可以在形态(编码性质)和句法(表现性质)两方面呈现<ref>Rude, Noel. (1983). Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma. ''Studies in African Linguistics'' 14 (3): 265-283.</ref><ref>Vydrin, Valentin. (2011). Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa:The case of Southwestern Mande. ''Studies in Language'' 35 (2): 409-443.</ref>,一方面在[[综合语]]中常藉由[[格 (语法)|格标记]]来表示;另一方面,一些语言的[[句法]]也会呈现作通型配列,但是十分罕见。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />此外,句法上作通型语言通常不是中心词前置就是中心词后置,且罕见[[主動賓語序|SVO语序]]。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institut für Linguistik - Startseite|url=https://linguistik.philol.uni-leipzig.de/start/|accessdate=2019-05-21|work=linguistik.philol.uni-leipzig.de|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713221225/https://linguistik.philol.uni-leipzig.de/start/|dead-url=no}}</ref>呈现这种配列的语言称为'''作通格语言'''或者'''作格语言'''、'''施格语言'''、'''能格语言'''。[[巴斯克語]]、[[格鲁吉亚语]]、[[玛雅语]]、[[藏语]],和一些[[印欧语系|印欧语]]如[[库尔德语]]、[[印地语]]等,甚至[[闪米特语族|闪语族]]的[[阿拉姆语]]里面都存在这种配列。有些假说里面[[原始印欧语]]也被划为作通型语言,但仍十分有争议。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proto-Indo-European Ergativity... Still To Be Discussed|author=|url=|last=Bavant|first=Marc|journal=Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics|accessdate=20 April 2012|issue=4|doi=10.2478/v10010-008-0022-y|others=|year=2008|volume=44|page=|pages=433–447|pmid=}}</ref> |
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==编码性质== |
==编码性质== |
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==部分作格性== |
==部分作格性== |
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{{main|部份作格性}} |
{{main|部份作格性}} |
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大部分作通型语言都具有[[部份作格性|部分作格性]](split ergativity),即在某些状況下呈现作通型配列的特性,但在某些状況下,如特定的[[人称]]、[[时态|时]]、[[体 (语法)|体]]等,却呈现主宾型配列等其他配列的特性。[[巴斯克語]]是少有的、在格标记和动词一致上呈现完整作通型配列的语言,不过它在句法配列上则是[[主宾型配列|主宾型]]的。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iker.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/agreementbasque1.pdf|title=The syntax and morphology of Basque|accessdate=2019-05-21|author=|date=|publisher=IKER}}</ref> |
大部分作通型语言都具有[[部份作格性|部分作格性]](split ergativity),即在某些状況下呈现作通型配列的特性,但在某些状況下,如特定的[[人称]]、[[时态|时]]、[[体 (语法)|体]]等,却呈现主宾型配列等其他配列的特性。[[巴斯克語]]是少有的、在格标记和动词一致上呈现完整作通型配列的语言,不过它在句法配列上则是[[主宾型配列|主宾型]]的。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iker.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/agreementbasque1.pdf|title=The syntax and morphology of Basque|accessdate=2019-05-21|author=|date=|publisher=IKER|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519141610/https://www.iker.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/agreementbasque1.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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==任意作格性== |
==任意作格性== |
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* [[布魯夏斯基語|布鲁夏斯基语]]([[巴基斯坦]]) |
* [[布魯夏斯基語|布鲁夏斯基语]]([[巴基斯坦]]) |
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*[[楚科奇语|楚克奇语]]([[俄罗斯]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|last=Grenoble|first=L.A.|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2006|isbn=0306480832|location=|pages=|url=https://books.google.pl/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=itelmen+language+ergative-absolutive&source=bl&ots=ygxqwTaYxH&sig=x7I6m3od4Ur5yqeb2X1u9PYyKn0&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXpe_dpOPTAhVGKywKHQBBC2oQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=itelmen%20language%20ergative-absolutive&f=false|chapter=}}</ref> |
*[[楚科奇语|楚克奇语]]([[俄罗斯]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|last=Grenoble|first=L.A.|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2006|isbn=0306480832|location=|pages=|url=https://books.google.pl/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=itelmen+language+ergative-absolutive&source=bl&ots=ygxqwTaYxH&sig=x7I6m3od4Ur5yqeb2X1u9PYyKn0&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXpe_dpOPTAhVGKywKHQBBC2oQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=itelmen%20language%20ergative-absolutive&f=false|chapter=|access-date=2019-05-21|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519141613/https://books.google.pl/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=itelmen+language+ergative-absolutive&source=bl&ots=ygxqwTaYxH&sig=x7I6m3od4Ur5yqeb2X1u9PYyKn0&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXpe_dpOPTAhVGKywKHQBBC2oQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=itelmen%20language%20ergative-absolutive&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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*[[藏语]]([[中华人民共和国|中国]]) |
*[[藏语]]([[中华人民共和国|中国]]) |
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*[[库尔德语]]([[中东]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Differential Subject Marking|last=|first=|publisher=Springer|year=2007|isbn=1402064977|location=|pages=|editor-last=de Hoop|editor-first=Helen|editor2-last=de Swart|editor2-first=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.utah.edu/~u0587010/Papers_files/zazaki-lightverbs.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412222337/http://home.utah.edu/~u0587010/Papers_files/zazaki-lightverbs.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-12|deadurl=yes|df=}} (Aniko Csirmaz and Markéta Ceplová, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Zazaki is an ergative language)</ref><ref>http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/744-0605/744-ARKADIEV-0-0.PDF (Zazaki is an ergative language, page 17-18)</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKCofxuhlMC&pg=PA166 (zazaki is ergative)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229004264_A_Derivational_Account_for_Sorani_Kurdish_Passives|title=A Derivational Account for Sorani Kurdish Passives|accessdate=10 May 2016|author=Géraldine Walther|date=1 January 2011|work=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=fa/node/426|title=What Sorani Kurdish Absolute Prepositions Tell Us about Cliticization - Kurdish Academy of Language|accessdate=10 May 2016|work=kurdishacademy.org|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728160111/http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=fa%2Fnode%2F426|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>http://linguistlist.org/pubs/papers/browse-papers-action.cfm?PaperID=25500</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412222124/http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-12|deadurl=yes|df=}} (Sorani is ergative, page 255)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412222124/http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-12|deadurl=yes|df=}} (kurmanji is ergative)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-448|title=The acquisition of split-ergativity in Kurmanji Kurdish|accessdate=10 May 2016|work=utexas.edu}}</ref><ref>http://www.ling.upenn.edu/nwav/abstracts/nwav36_mahalingappa.pdf</ref> |
*[[库尔德语]]([[中东]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Differential Subject Marking|last=|first=|publisher=Springer|year=2007|isbn=1402064977|location=|pages=|editor-last=de Hoop|editor-first=Helen|editor2-last=de Swart|editor2-first=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.utah.edu/~u0587010/Papers_files/zazaki-lightverbs.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412222337/http://home.utah.edu/~u0587010/Papers_files/zazaki-lightverbs.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-12|deadurl=yes|df=}} (Aniko Csirmaz and Markéta Ceplová, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Zazaki is an ergative language)</ref><ref>http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/744-0605/744-ARKADIEV-0-0.PDF {{Wayback|url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/744-0605/744-ARKADIEV-0-0.PDF |date=20200119022248 }} (Zazaki is an ergative language, page 17-18)</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKCofxuhlMC&pg=PA166 {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKCofxuhlMC&pg=PA166 |date=20200810163345 }} (zazaki is ergative)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229004264_A_Derivational_Account_for_Sorani_Kurdish_Passives|title=A Derivational Account for Sorani Kurdish Passives|accessdate=10 May 2016|author=Géraldine Walther|date=1 January 2011|work=ResearchGate|archive-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605055903/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229004264_A_Derivational_Account_for_Sorani_Kurdish_Passives|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=fa/node/426|title=What Sorani Kurdish Absolute Prepositions Tell Us about Cliticization - Kurdish Academy of Language|accessdate=10 May 2016|work=kurdishacademy.org|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728160111/http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=fa%2Fnode%2F426|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/papers/browse-papers-action.cfm?PaperID=25500 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-05-21 |archive-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718155747/http://linguistlist.org/pubs/papers/browse-papers-action.cfm?PaperID=25500 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412222124/http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-12|deadurl=yes|df=}} (Sorani is ergative, page 255)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412222124/http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001993/bookpart.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-12|deadurl=yes|df=}} (kurmanji is ergative)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-448|title=The acquisition of split-ergativity in Kurmanji Kurdish|accessdate=10 May 2016|work=utexas.edu|archive-date=2016-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030121/https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-448|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/nwav/abstracts/nwav36_mahalingappa.pdf |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2019-05-21 |archive-date=2020-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519141658/https://www.ling.upenn.edu/nwav/abstracts/nwav36_mahalingappa.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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*[[高加索诸语言]] |
*[[高加索诸语言]] |
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* Dixon, R. M. W. (1979). Ergativity. ''Language'', ''55'' (1), 59-138. (Revised as Dixon 1994). |
* Dixon, R. M. W. (1979). Ergativity. ''Language'', ''55'' (1), 59-138. (Revised as Dixon 1994). |
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* Dixon, R. M. W. (Ed.) (1987). ''Studies in ergativity''. Amsterdam: North-Holland. {{ISBN|0-444-70275-X}}. |
* Dixon, R. M. W. (Ed.) (1987). ''Studies in ergativity''. Amsterdam: North-Holland. {{ISBN|0-444-70275-X}}. |
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*{{Cite book| title = Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker |
*{{Cite book |
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| title = Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker |
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| last = Dixon |
| last = Dixon |
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| first = R. M. W. |
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| author-link = |
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| year = 2011 |
| year = 2011 |
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| isbn = 978-1-108-02504-1 |
| isbn = 978-1-108-02504-1 |
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| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
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| location = |
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| access-date = 2019-05-21 |
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| archive-date = 2020-05-19 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200519141704/https://books.google.com/books?id=tWHiDB9rJ5kC&pg=PA1 |
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* Foley, William; & Van Valin, Robert. (1984). ''Functional syntax and universal grammar''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-25956-8}}. |
* Foley, William; & Van Valin, Robert. (1984). ''Functional syntax and universal grammar''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-25956-8}}. |
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* Iliev, Ivan G. (2007) [https://www.scribd.com/doc/133271099/Ivan-G-Iliev-CASE-AND-VOCATIVENESS On the Nature of Grammatical Case ... (Case and Vocativeness)] |
* Iliev, Ivan G. (2007) [https://www.scribd.com/doc/133271099/Ivan-G-Iliev-CASE-AND-VOCATIVENESS On the Nature of Grammatical Case ... (Case and Vocativeness)]{{Wayback|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/133271099/Ivan-G-Iliev-CASE-AND-VOCATIVENESS |date=20160625084306 }} |
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* Kroeger, Paul. (1993). ''Phrase structure and grammatical relations in Tagalog''. Stanford: CSLI. {{ISBN|0-937073-86-5}}. |
* Kroeger, Paul. (1993). ''Phrase structure and grammatical relations in Tagalog''. Stanford: CSLI. {{ISBN|0-937073-86-5}}. |
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* Legate, Julie Anne. (2008). Morphological and Abstract Case. ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 39.1: 55-101. |
* Legate, Julie Anne. (2008). Morphological and Abstract Case. ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 39.1: 55-101. |
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== 外部链接 == |
== 外部链接 == |
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* [http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2005/05/quick-tutorial-on-ergativity-by-way-of.html "A quick tutorial on ergativity, by way of the Squid-headed one"], at Recycled Knowledge (blog), by John Cowan, 2005-05-05. |
* [http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2005/05/quick-tutorial-on-ergativity-by-way-of.html "A quick tutorial on ergativity, by way of the Squid-headed one"] {{Wayback|url=http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2005/05/quick-tutorial-on-ergativity-by-way-of.html |date=20201016021606 }}, at Recycled Knowledge (blog), by John Cowan, 2005-05-05. |
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{{语言类型学}} |
{{语言类型学}} |
2020年12月17日 (四) 06:12的版本
配列 |
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作通型配列(Ergative–absolutive alignment),也称为作通格配列、施通格配列、作格配列、施格配列或能格配列,是一類配列方式,即在句法或形态上,将不及物动词的单一变元和及物动词的受事论元同等对待(S=P),而区别对待及物动词的施事论元(A)[1]:110。作通型配列可以在形态(编码性质)和句法(表现性质)两方面呈现[2][3],一方面在综合语中常藉由格标记来表示;另一方面,一些语言的句法也会呈现作通型配列,但是十分罕见。[4][5]此外,句法上作通型语言通常不是中心词前置就是中心词后置,且罕见SVO语序。[6]呈现这种配列的语言称为作通格语言或者作格语言、施格语言、能格语言。巴斯克語、格鲁吉亚语、玛雅语、藏语,和一些印欧语如库尔德语、印地语等,甚至闪语族的阿拉姆语里面都存在这种配列。有些假说里面原始印欧语也被划为作通型语言,但仍十分有争议。[7]
编码性质
格标记
如果一门语言有形态上的格变化,那么谓语中心词的论元一般会如下标记:
动词一致
如果没有形态上的格变化,作通型配列还能通过其他形态手段呈现,如动词的显在一致。例如,阿布哈兹语和大部分玛雅语没有形态上的作格标记,但是它们可以通过动词的一致结构来呈现作格。在作通一致的语言里,通格往往不被标记(有些例外,如尼亚斯语和特拉帕尼科语[9]),如巴斯克語[10]:
1a. | Martin | -Ø | etorri da. |
马丁 | -ABS | 到达.PERF | |
S | 通格 | ||
马丁已经到了。 |
1b. | Martin | -ek | Diego | -Ø | ikusi du. |
马丁 | -ERG | 迪亚戈 | -ABS | 见.PERF | |
A | 作格 | P | 通格 | ||
马丁见过迪亚戈。 |
上例的 -Ø 是一个零形式,代表不被标记的通格。作格标记在辅音后作 -ek,而在元音后作 -k。另外,巴斯克语里面大多数名词短语都需要由一个限定词限定,一般单数为 -a,复数为 -ak;数只能标记在限定词上。于是便有如下变位(以“人”gizon 为例)[10]:
gizon | 通格 | 作格 |
---|---|---|
单数 | gizon-a | gizon-ak |
人-DET.SING.ABS | 人-DET.SING.ERG | |
复数 | gizon-ak | gizon-ek |
人-DET.PL.ABS | 人-DET.PL.ERG |
表现性质
作通型配列也可以通过句法呈现。但是作通型句法配列非常罕见,大多数作通格语言都是形态上而非句法上呈作通型配列。与词法学一样,句法配列可以放在一个连续统一体上,因此某些句法操作可能会生成主宾型配列,而其他的则可以生成作通型配列;其程度取决于有多少句法操作将论元 S 和 P 同等对待。
理论上,作通型配列可以在语序(尤其是论元与动词的前后关系)、句法枢纽、关系子句、主從複合、转换指称等方面呈现。
等位省并
一些作通格语言的配列可以通过等位省并体现。如澳洲原住民的迪尔巴尔语,省略後句同定论元时,只有论元 S 和 P 可以省略,论元 A 不可以省略。[4]
2a. | ŋumai | -Ø | banaga-nyu | yabu | -ŋgu | ____i | bura-n | |
父亲 | -ABS | 来-PST | 母亲 | -ERG | 见-PST | |||
S | 通格 | A | 作格 | P | 通格 | |||
父亲回来了,然后母亲见到了(父亲)。 | ||||||||
2b.* | ŋumai | -Ø | banaga-nyu | ____i | yabu | -Ø | bura-n | |
父亲 | -ABS | 来-PST | 母亲 | -ABS | 见-PST | |||
S | 通格 | A | 作格 | P | 通格 | |||
父亲回来了,然后(父亲)见到了母亲。 |
反之如英语(主宾型),省略後句同定论元时,只有论元 S 和 A 可以省略,论元 P 不可以省略。
3a. | Fatheri | returned | and | ____i | saw | mother. |
父亲 | 回来-PST | 见.PST | 母亲 | |||
S 主格 | A 主格 | P 宾格 | ||||
父亲回来了,然后母亲见到了(父亲)。 | ||||||
3b.* | Fatheri | returned | and | mother | saw | ____i. |
父亲 | 回来-PST | 见.PST | ||||
S 主格 | A 主格 | P 宾格 | ||||
父亲回来了,然后(父亲)见到了母亲。 |
但实际上,缺乏形态手段、主要靠语序表达句法功能的语言大部分都属于主宾型语言,作通型语言极其罕见,迪尔巴尔语算是一个特例。[4][5]如果观察主语的一些普遍特征,会发现有些语言无论在形态学还是句法学上都是完美的主宾格语言,但完美的作通格语言却未曾被发现。[4]
部分作格性
大部分作通型语言都具有部分作格性(split ergativity),即在某些状況下呈现作通型配列的特性,但在某些状況下,如特定的人称、时、体等,却呈现主宾型配列等其他配列的特性。巴斯克語是少有的、在格标记和动词一致上呈现完整作通型配列的语言,不过它在句法配列上则是主宾型的。[11]
任意作格性
很多作通型语言也具有任意作格性(optional ergativity),即作格标记不会在所有情况下强制出现。但任意作格性并非真正任意,作格显在标记与否受语义和语用影响。任意作格性不像部分作格性那样有规律。[12]
任意作格性会受以下因素影响[12]:
分布
作通型语言大致分布于美索不达米亚、高加索、美洲、青藏高原和澳大利亚等地区。
世界各区域作通型语言的例子:[14]
北美洲: | 大洋洲: | 南美洲: |
欧洲: | 非洲: | 亚洲: |
参见
参考文献
- ^ Comrie, Bernard. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology. University of Chicago Press. 1989. ISBN 0226114333.
- ^ Rude, Noel. (1983). Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma. Studies in African Linguistics 14 (3): 265-283.
- ^ Vydrin, Valentin. (2011). Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa:The case of Southwestern Mande. Studies in Language 35 (2): 409-443.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dixon, R. M. W. 1994. Ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 陆丙甫. 罗彬彬. 形态与语序. 语文研究. 2018, 2 (147).
- ^ Institut für Linguistik - Startseite. linguistik.philol.uni-leipzig.de. [2019-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-13).
- ^ Bavant, Marc. Proto-Indo-European Ergativity... Still To Be Discussed. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics. 2008, 44 (4): 433–447. doi:10.2478/v10010-008-0022-y.
- ^ Friend, Some Syntactic and Morphological Features of Suleimaniye Kurdish, UCLA, 1985
- ^ Donohue, Mark (2008). "Semantic alignment systems: what's what, and what's not". In Donohue, Mark & Søren Wichmann, eds. (2008). The Typology of Semantic Alignment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 King, Alan R. The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
- ^ The syntax and morphology of Basque (PDF). IKER. [2019-05-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-19).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 McGregor, William. Optional ergative case marking systems in a typological-semiotic perspective. Lingua. 2010, (120): 1610–1636.
- ^ McGregor (2010) Optional ergative case marking systems in a typological-semiotic perspective. Lingua 120: 1610–1636
- ^ Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). (2011) "The World Atlas of Language Structures Online". Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Available online at WALS (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Ergativity, by R. M. W. Dixon, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 69, 1994.
- ^ Grenoble, L.A. Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer Science & Business Media. 2006 [2019-05-21]. ISBN 0306480832. (原始内容存档于2020-05-19).
- ^ de Hoop, Helen; de Swart, Peter (编). Differential Subject Marking. Springer. 2007. ISBN 1402064977.
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2012-11-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-04-12). (Aniko Csirmaz and Markéta Ceplová, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Zazaki is an ergative language)
- ^ http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/744-0605/744-ARKADIEV-0-0.PDF (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Zazaki is an ergative language, page 17-18)
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKCofxuhlMC&pg=PA166 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (zazaki is ergative)
- ^ Géraldine Walther. A Derivational Account for Sorani Kurdish Passives. ResearchGate. 1 January 2011 [10 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-05).
- ^ What Sorani Kurdish Absolute Prepositions Tell Us about Cliticization - Kurdish Academy of Language. kurdishacademy.org. [10 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-28).
- ^ 存档副本. [2019-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-18).
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2012-11-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-04-12). (Sorani is ergative, page 255)
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2012-11-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-04-12). (kurmanji is ergative)
- ^ The acquisition of split-ergativity in Kurmanji Kurdish. utexas.edu. [10 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-15).
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2019-05-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-19).
延伸阅读
- Anderson, Stephen. (1976). On the notion of subject in ergative languages. In C. Li. (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 1–24). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-447350-4.
- Anderson, Stephen R. (1985). Inflectional morphology. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon (Vol. 3, pp. 150–201). Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. ISBN 0-521-58158-3.
- Comrie, Bernard. (1978). Ergativity. In W. P. Lehmann (Ed.), Syntactic typology: Studies in the phenomenology of language (pp. 329–394). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77545-8.
- Coon, Jessica, Diane Massam and Lisa deMena Travis. (Eds.). (2017). The Oxford handbook of ergativity. Oxford University Press.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (1979). Ergativity. Language, 55 (1), 59-138. (Revised as Dixon 1994).
- Dixon, R. M. W. (Ed.) (1987). Studies in ergativity. Amsterdam: North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-70275-X.
- Dixon, R. M. W. Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker. Cambridge University Press. 2011 [2019-05-21]. ISBN 978-1-108-02504-1. (原始内容存档于2020-05-19).
- Foley, William; & Van Valin, Robert. (1984). Functional syntax and universal grammar. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25956-8.
- Iliev, Ivan G. (2007) On the Nature of Grammatical Case ... (Case and Vocativeness)(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Kroeger, Paul. (1993). Phrase structure and grammatical relations in Tagalog. Stanford: CSLI. ISBN 0-937073-86-5.
- Legate, Julie Anne. (2008). Morphological and Abstract Case. Linguistic Inquiry 39.1: 55-101.
- Mallinson, Graham; & Blake, Barry J. (1981). Agent and patient marking. Language typology: Cross-linguistic studies in syntax (Chap. 2, pp. 39–120). North-Holland linguistic series. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
- McGregor, William B. (2010). Optional ergative case marking systems in a typological-semiotic perspective. Lingua 120: 1610–1636.
- Plank, Frans. (Ed.). (1979). Ergativity: Towards a theory of grammatical relations. London: Academic Press.
- Rude, Noel. (1983). Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma. Studies in African Linguistics 14 (3): 265-283.
- Schachter, Paul. (1976). The subject in Philippine languages: Actor, topic, actor-topic, or none of the above. In C. Li. (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 491–518). New York: Academic Press.
- Schachter, Paul. (1977). Reference-related and role-related properties of subjects. In P. Cole & J. Sadock (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Grammatical relations (Vol. 8, pp. 279–306). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-613508-8.
- Silverstein, Michael. (1976). Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity. In R.M.W. Dixon (ed.) Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages (pp. 112–171). New Jersey: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-00694-0. Reprinted in Pieter Muysken and Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), Features and Projections (pp. 163–232). Dordrecht: Foris. ISBN 90-6765-144-3.
- Verbeke, Saartje. 2013. Alignment and ergativity in new Indo-Aryan languages. Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Vydrin, Valentin. (2011). Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa:The case of Southwestern Mande. Studies in Language 35 (2): 409-443.
外部链接
- "A quick tutorial on ergativity, by way of the Squid-headed one" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), at Recycled Knowledge (blog), by John Cowan, 2005-05-05.
语言类型学 |
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按形态 |
按形态句法 |
按语序 |