美国政府出版局
美国联邦政府政府機構 | |
---|---|
政府出版局 | |
Government Printing Office、Government Publishing Office | |
機構概要 | |
成立時間 | 1861年3月4日 |
機構類型 | state publisher[*]、legislative branch agency[*] |
机构驻地 | 732 North Capitol St. NW Washington, D.C.[1] |
僱員數目 | 1,920[1] |
年度預算額 | 126.2百万美元 (2012)[1] |
机构首长 | Public Printer of the United States[*]、Director of the United States Government Publishing Office[*]: |
上级机构 | 美国国会印刷联合委员会 |
網站 | gpo.gov |
備註 | |
[1] | |
影像资料 | |
美国政府出版局(United States Government Publishing Office,縮寫 GPO),负责编辑、印刷、出版、发行美国政府部门需要出版的资料的官方机构。包括国会报告、国会意见、听证会记录、国会辩论记录、国会档案、法院资料、法院资料以及国防部、内政部、劳工部、总统办公室等各个部门出版发行的文件。值得一提的是,美国护照也是政府出版物的一种。包括社保卡、人口普查表、纳税申报表格、医疗补助和老年保健医疗资料。GPO也通过设有24个美国政府书店(U.S. Goverment BookStore)、联邦数字系统在线免费发布联邦信息。[3]
历史
[编辑]1813年,美国国会通过将三大政府机构工作的有关信息发布给全美公民的决议。1860年6月23日,美国通过法令12 Stat. 117,并于1861年3月4日成立了擁有350人的政府印務局(Government Printing office),专门负责美国政府出版物的印刷发行工作。
1966年,美国开创性地制定了《信息自由法案》,提出了为日后各国所效仿的“信息公开是原则,不公开是例外”的原则。1972年达到雇员人数最高峰8,500人。[1]从八十年代开始,随着信息化电子化进程,出版数量与雇员人数稳定下降。[1]
2011年3月, GPO出版了该机构150年官方历史《Keeping America Informed》。[4]2014年12月17日,GPO在官网上宣布,它的名称正式从政府印務局(Government printing office)改为政府出版局(Government publishing office)。[5][6]
公共印刷官
[编辑]最高职位叫做“联邦公共印刷官”(Public Printer of the United States),但从2014年12月职位正式改称"Director."
- Almon M. Clapp (1876–1877)
- John D. Defrees (1877–1882)
- Sterling P. Rounds (1882–1886)
- Thomas E. Benedict (1886–1889)
- Frank W. Palmer (1889–1894)
- Thomas E. Benedict (1894–1897)
- Frank W. Palmer (1897–1905), O.J. Ricketts (Acting, 1905–1905)
- Charles A. Stillings (1905–1908), William S. Rossiter (Acting, 1908–1908), Capt. Henry T. Brian (Acting, 1908–1908)
- John S. Leech (1908–1908)
- Samuel B. Donnelly (1908–1913)
- Cornelius Ford (1913–1921)
- George H. Carter (1921–1934)
- Augustus E. Giegengack (1934–1948), John J. Deviny (Acting, 1948–1948)
- John J. Deviny (1948–1953), Phillip L. Cole (Acting, 1953–1953)
- Raymond Blattenberger (1953–1961), John M. Wilson (Acting, 1961–1961), Felix E. Cristofane (Acting, 1961–1961)
- James L. Harrison (1961–1970)
- Adolphus N. Spence (1970–1972), Harry J. Humphrey (Acting, 1972–1973), L.T. Golden (Acting Deputy, 1973–1973)
- Thomas F. McCormick (1973–1977)
- John J. Boyle (1977–1980), Samuel Saylor (Acting, 1980–1981)
- Danford L. Sawyer, Jr. (1981–1984), William J. Barrett (Acting, 1984–1984)
- Ralph E. Kennickell, Jr. (1984–1988), Joseph E. Jenifer (Acting, 1988–1990)
- Robert Houk (1990–1993),[7] Michael F. DiMario (Acting, 1993–1993)
- Michael F. DiMario (1993[8]–2002)
- Bruce James (2002–2007),[9] William H. Turri (Acting, 2007–2007)
- Robert C. Tapella (2007–2010)[10]
- William J. Boarman (2010–2012)[11]
- Davita Vance-Cooks (2013–2017)[12]
官方出版物
[编辑]- Code of Federal Regulations
- Public and Private Laws
- The Congressional Record
- The 聯邦公報, which is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of Federal agencies and organizations.
- 美国法典
- 美国法律总汇
- House Journal and Senate Journal
政府出版局警察
[编辑]政府出版局警察(Government Publishing Office Police)负责警卫、看护政府出版局,並对伪造护照進行刑侦工作。[17]2003年有53名警官。[18][19][20]
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rein, Lisa, U.S. printing office shrinks with round of buyouts, The Washington Post, January 25, 2012, washingtonpost.com [2012-01-26], (原始内容存档于2021-04-19)
- ^ Acting GPO Director Jim Bradley Retires. FDLP News and Events. [2018-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-02).
- ^ Home. www.access.gpo.gov. [2016-02-08]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-01).
- ^ Mission, Vision, and Goals. www.gpo.gov. [2018-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-02).
- ^ Government Publishing Office. GPO IS NOW THE GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE. gpo.gov. [2015-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-13).
- ^ Andrew Siddons, "Government Printer Renamed for Digital Age," (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) New York Times, Dec. 12, 2014.
- ^ PIA Backs a Nominee For Public Printer Post.(Printing Industries of America, Robert Houk)(Brief Article). 2001-06-01 [2018-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-25).
- ^ BUBL.ac.uk 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-06-16.
- ^ GPO.gov 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2008-09-06.
- ^ Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate, 4/19/10. [2010-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2010-08-18).
- ^ SacBee.com[失效連結]
- ^ Hicks, Josh. Davita Vance-Cooks confirmed as first female and African American public printer. The Washington Post. August 2, 2013. washingtonpost.com [2018-03-06]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-10).
- ^ Congressional Relations (PDF). www.gpo.gov. [2018-09-15]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-04-29).
- ^ Bill Gertz, GPO profits go to bonuses and trips (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Washington Times, March 27, 2008
- ^ Bill Gertz, Outsourced passport work scrutinized, Washington Times, March 26, 2008
- ^ Confronting Digital Age Head-On (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Washington Post, March 13, 2006
- ^ GPO Uniformed Police. Website of the Government Printing Office. Government Printing Office. [2014-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-09).
- ^ Review of Potential Merger of the Library of Congress Police and/or the Government Printing Office Police with the U.S. Capitol Police. Government Accountability Office. 2002-07-05 [2013-07-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-19).
- ^ 美國法典第44编 § 第317節
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2015-05-10]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
进一步阅读
[编辑]- 100 GPO Years, 1861–1961: A History of United States Public Printing. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2010.
- Picturing the Big Shop: Photos of the U.S. Government Publishing Office (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2017 [2018-09-15]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-17).