克倫語支
克倫語支 | |
---|---|
使用族群 | 克倫族 |
地理分佈 | 印度、緬甸東南部、泰國西部、中國邊境地區 |
譜系學分類 | 漢藏語系
|
原始語言 | 原始克倫語 |
分支 | |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-2 / 5 | kar |
– | |
ISO 639-6 | kree |
Glottolog | kare1337[1] |
克倫語支,是由約450萬克倫族使用的一群聲調語言,是藏緬語族的一個支系,分布在緬甸克倫邦、克耶邦、撣邦和鄰近地區。[2]它們在漢藏語系內的歸屬不明確。[3]克倫語支語言一般用克倫文書寫。[4]克倫語支下有3種語言:斯高克倫語(通常所說的克倫語)、波克倫語以及勃歐語。克耶語(紅克倫語)和巴東語也屬於克倫語支。克倫語的語序是主謂賓,和藏緬語族通常的語序主賓謂不同。漢藏語系中,有這種特徵的還有白語和漢語。[5]現在一般認為這是與孟語和台語接觸的結果。[6]
系屬分類
[編輯]克倫語支在詞法與句法上和其他藏緬語存在相當的不同,因此白保羅 (1972: 2–4, 129)將克倫語置出,歸入「藏-克倫語族」,不過這種做法現在已經不再得到接受。[3][6]
常見的地理分類將其分為3部分:
巴東語是北支與中支之間的過渡。[7]使用人數最多的語言是斯高克倫語、波克倫語和勃歐語。
Manson (2011)
[編輯]Manson (2011)的克倫語支分類方案如下,每支都有獨立的創新:[8]
- 克倫語支
- 外圍:位於詞首的原清塞音送氣(如*p > pʰ)
- 北支:鼻音韻尾合流(如*am、*an > aɴ);韻腹為開元音的塞音韻尾合流(如*aʔ、*a > a)
- 巴東語
- Lahta
- Yinbaw/Kayan
- Yintale
- 中支:元音高化(如*a > ɛ)
- 克耶語
- Geba、Bwe
- Paku (?)
- Geker/Kayan Geku, Gekho(可能屬於中支或南支)
- Kayaw, Manu(可能屬於中支或南支)
- 南支:鼻音韻尾合流,且韻腹高化(如*am、*aŋ > ɔ)
- 斯高克倫語、Paku
- Dermuha, Palaychi
Geker、Gekho、Kayaw、Manu的分類不明確,可能屬於中支或南支。
新谷忠彥 (2012)
[編輯]新谷忠彥 (2012:x)[9]在他所謂「Brakaloungic」語支中包含了克倫語,分類如下。
但在出版時,新谷忠彥 (2012)報告說有40多種克倫語和/或方言,其中有許多最近才被記錄下來。他還指出,所有Brakaloungic語都受到孟語影響,有些語言還受緬甸語和撣語影響。
巴東語分布在克耶邦、撣邦南部和克倫邦北部。新谷忠彥 (2016)認為下分4支,[13]分別是Kangan(「低地」)、Kakhaung(「高地」)、Lawi(「南部」)、Latha(「北部」)。[14]新谷忠彥 (2016)所記Nangki是「高地」語群的一種克耶語,僅見於一個村莊。
Kadaw分布在克耶邦,有鼻化元音而無鼻音韻尾。[14]其受緬甸語影響多於受撣語影響。Thamidai是另一種克倫語。[15] 以下是Hsiu (2019)根據新谷忠彥公布的詞彙進行的系統發生學分析分類,總體結果類似於新谷忠彥 (2012)的整體結構。[16]
Luangthongkum (2019)
[編輯]Luangthongkum (2019)識別出原始克倫語的北中南3支,但認為3支彼此的關係是不可知的。[17]
- 克倫語支
注釋:西Bwe Karen語群保留了內爆或前聲門化阻礙音ɓ/ʔb、ɗ/ʔd,以及清響音hn、hl等。
祖語
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Karenic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
e22
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 3.0 3.1 Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
- ^ Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation. Omniglot.com. [2015-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2010-01-02).
- ^ The Sino-Tibetan Language Family. Berkeley.edu. [2015-05-05]. (原始內容存檔於2006-08-13).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Matisoff, James A. Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews Inc.). 1991, 20: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345.
- ^ Solnit, David. Eastern Kayah Li. Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (編). The Sino-Tibetan Languages 2nd. Routledge. 2017: 932–941. ISBN 978-1-138-78332-4. p. 933.
- ^ Manson, Ken. The subgrouping of Karen (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2011 [2015-05-05]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-07-09).
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA.
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Thamidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 126. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- ^ Hsiu, Andrew. Karenic. Sino-Tibetan Branches Project. 2019 [2023-03-09]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-09).
- ^ Luangthongkum, Theraphan. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2019, 12 (1): i–lii. ISSN 1836-6821. hdl:10524/52441 .
- George van Driem, Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill, 2001.
- Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla, The Sino-Tibetan Languages, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0700711295.
閱讀更多
[編輯]- Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) A Sociolinguistic Survey of Pwo Karen in Northern Thailand (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) An investigation of intelligibility between West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen and Northern Pwo Karen (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Manson, Ken. 2010. A bibliography of Karen linguistics (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
構擬
- Jones, Robert B. Jr. 1961. Karen linguistic studies: Description, comparison, and texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics 25. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2013. A view on Proto-Karen phonology and lexicon. Unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT.
詞表
- Shintani, Tadahiko. 2014. The Zayein language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 102. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
外部連結
[編輯]- Free Anglo-Karen Dictionary (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- A grammar of the Sgaw Karen (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Drum Publication Group (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)—Online Sgaw Karen language materials. Includes an online English - Sgaw Karen Dictionary.
- Karen Teacher Working Group (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)—Several Karen fonts available for download.