電磁極化子：修订间差异

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==歷史==
==歷史==
1929年[[勒維·通克斯]]及[[歐文·蘭米爾]]觀察到等離化氣體的振盪。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tonks|first=Lewi|last2=Langmuir|first2=Irving|date=1929-02-01|title=Oscillations in Ionized Gases|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.33.195|journal=Physical Review|volume=33|issue=2|pages=195–210|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.33.195}}</ref>而電磁極化子的概念則最初由Kirill Tolpygo所考慮到，他在1950年得出[[離子晶體]]中聲子與電磁波的耦合狀態及其色散的關聯，即聲子-電磁極化子。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">K.B. Tolpygo, "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions," ''Zh. Eks.Teor. Fiz''. vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 497–509 (1950), English translation: ''Ukrainian Journal of Physics'', vol. 53, special issue (2008); {{cite web |url=http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/53/si/53SI21p.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-10-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052530/http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/53/si/53SI21p.pdf |archivedate=2015-12-08 }}</ref>[[黃昆]]也在1951年獨立得出此成果。<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals|last = Huang|first = Kun|date = 1951|journal = Nature|doi = 10.1038/167779b0|pmid = |access-date = |volume = 167|issue = 4254|pages = 779–780|bibcode = 1951Natur.167..779H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals|last = Huang|first = Kun|date = 1951|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 208|series = A|pages = 352–365}}</ref>它在蘇聯被稱為光-激子（Light-exciton），現今的通用名稱則由[[約翰·霍普菲爾德]]所改。
1929年[[勒維·通克斯]]及[[歐文·蘭米爾]]觀察到等離化氣體的振盪。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tonks|first=Lewi|last2=Langmuir|first2=Irving|date=1929-02-01|title=Oscillations in Ionized Gases|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.33.195|journal=Physical Review|volume=33|issue=2|pages=195–210|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.33.195}}</ref>而電磁極化子的概念則最初由Kirill Tolpygo所考慮到，他在1950年得出[[離子晶體]]中聲子與電磁波的耦合狀態及其色散的關聯，即聲子-電磁極化子。<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions|last = Tolpygo|first = K.B.|date = 1950|journal = Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (J. Exp. Theor. Phys.)|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 20|issue = 6|pages = 497–509, in Russian}}</ref><ref name=":0">K.B. Tolpygo, "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions," ''Zh. Eks.Teor. Fiz''. vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 497–509 (1950), English translation: ''Ukrainian Journal of Physics'', vol. 53, special issue (2008); {{cite web |url=http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/53/si/53SI21p.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052530/http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/53/si/53SI21p.pdf |archivedate=2015-12-08 }}</ref>[[黃昆]]也在1951年獨立得出此成果。<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals|last = Huang|first = Kun|date = 1951|journal = Nature|doi = 10.1038/167779b0|pmid = |access-date = |volume = 167|issue = 4254|pages = 779–780|bibcode = 1951Natur.167..779H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals|last = Huang|first = Kun|date = 1951|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 208|series = A|pages = 352–365}}</ref>它在蘇聯被稱為光-激子（Light-exciton），現今的通用名稱則由[[約翰·霍普菲爾德]]所改。


1968年安德里亞斯·奧托首次發表有關表面等離極化激元的論文。<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection|last = Otto|first = A.|date = 1968|journal = Z. Phys.|doi = 10.1007/BF01391532|pmid = |access-date = |volume = 216|issue = 4|pages = 398–410|bibcode = 1968ZPhy..216..398O }}</ref>在2016年的意大利國家研究院以有機微腔器件觀察到室溫中的[[超流體]]弗倫克爾激子-電磁極化子。<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate|last = Lerario|first = Giovanni|first2 = Antonio|last2 = Fieramosca|first3 = Fábio|last3 = Barachati|first4 = Dario|last4 = Ballarini|first5 = Konstantinos S.|last5 = Daskalakis|first6 = Lorenzo|last6 = Dominici|first7 = Milena|last7 = De Giorgi|first8 = Stefan A.|last8 = Maier|first9 = Giuseppe|last9 = Gigli|first10 = Stéphane|last10 = Kéna-Cohen|first11 = Daniele|last11 = Sanvitto|year = 2017|journal = Nature Physics|doi = 10.1038/nphys4147|pmid = |volume =13|issue = 9|pages = 837–841|bibcode =2017NatPh..13..837L |arxiv = 1609.03153}}</ref>在2018年2月發現了新的三光子形態，並可能形成電磁極化子；此發現有助[[量子電腦]]的發展。<ref name="NW-20180216">{{cite web |last=Hignett |first=Katherine |title=Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution |url=http://www.newsweek.com/photons-light-physics-808862 |date=16 February 2018 |work=[[Newsweek]] |accessdate=17 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180216">{{cite journal |author=Liang, Qi-Yu|display-authors=etal|title=Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium |date=16 February 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6377 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1126/science.aao7293 |arxiv=1709.01478 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..783L }}</ref>
1968年安德里亞斯·奧托首次發表有關表面等離極化激元的論文。<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection|last = Otto|first = A.|date = 1968|journal = Z. Phys.|doi = 10.1007/BF01391532|pmid = |access-date = |volume = 216|issue = 4|pages = 398–410|bibcode = 1968ZPhy..216..398O }}</ref>在2016年的意大利國家研究院以有機微腔器件觀察到室溫中的[[超流體]]弗倫克爾激子-電磁極化子。<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate|last = Lerario|first = Giovanni|first2 = Antonio|last2 = Fieramosca|first3 = Fábio|last3 = Barachati|first4 = Dario|last4 = Ballarini|first5 = Konstantinos S.|last5 = Daskalakis|first6 = Lorenzo|last6 = Dominici|first7 = Milena|last7 = De Giorgi|first8 = Stefan A.|last8 = Maier|first9 = Giuseppe|last9 = Gigli|first10 = Stéphane|last10 = Kéna-Cohen|first11 = Daniele|last11 = Sanvitto|year = 2017|journal = Nature Physics|doi = 10.1038/nphys4147|pmid = |volume =13|issue = 9|pages = 837–841|bibcode =2017NatPh..13..837L |arxiv = 1609.03153}}</ref>在2018年2月發現了新的三光子形態，並可能形成電磁極化子；此發現有助[[量子電腦]]的發展。<ref name="NW-20180216">{{cite web |last=Hignett |first=Katherine |title=Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution |url=http://www.newsweek.com/photons-light-physics-808862 |date=16 February 2018 |work=[[Newsweek]] |accessdate=17 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20180216">{{cite journal |author=Liang, Qi-Yu|display-authors=etal|title=Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium |date=16 February 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6377 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1126/science.aao7293 |arxiv=1709.01478 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..783L }}</ref>


==種類==
==種類==
# 聲子-電磁極化子：由[[紅外線]]光子及[[聲子|光學聲子]]的耦合。
以下是最常見的電磁極化子：
# [[聲子]]-電磁極化子─由[[紅外線]]光子及光學聲子（{{lang-en| Optical phonon }}）的耦合形成。
# 激子-電磁極化子：由[[可見光]]光子及[[激子]]的耦合。其在使用[[氧化亞銅]]的實驗中取得豐碩的成果。
# [[激子]]-電磁極化子─由[[可見光]]光子及激子的耦合形成。其在使用[[氧化亞銅]]的實驗中取得豐碩的成果。
# 能帶內-電磁極化子：由紅外線或[[太赫輻射]]光子及能帶內激發（Intersubband excitation）耦合。
# [[表面等離極化激元]]─由表面電漿子及光子的耦合形成。
# [[表面等離極化激元]]：由表面電漿子及光子（波長取決於物質及其形狀）的耦合。
# 布拉格電磁極化子（Braggoriton）：[[光子晶體|布拉格光子模]]與體激子（Bulk exciton）耦合。<ref name="eradat">Eradat N., et al. (2002) Evidence for braggoriton excitations in opal photonic crystals infiltrated with highly polarizable dyes'','' ''Appl. Phys. Lett.'' '''80''': 3491.</ref>
#
# 等離激子激元（Plexciton）：[[電漿子]]及[[激子]]的耦合。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yuen-Zhou|first=Joel|last2=Saikin|first2=Semion K.|last3=Zhu|first3=Tony|last4=Onbasli|first4=Mehmet C.|last5=Ross|first5=Caroline A.|last6=Bulovic|first6=Vladimir|last7=Baldo|first7=Marc A.|date=2016-06-09|title=Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=7|pages=11783|doi=10.1038/ncomms11783|issn=2041-1723|pmc=4906226|pmid=27278258|arxiv=1509.03687|bibcode=2016NatCo...711783Y}}</ref>
# 磁振子-電磁極化子：[[磁振子]]及光子的耦合。
# 共振腔-電磁極化子：<ref>{{cite book |last= Klingshirn |first=Claus F. |date= 2012-07-06|title=Semiconductor Optics |edition=4 |url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642283611 |location= |publisher=Springer |page=105 |isbn=978-364228362-8 |author-link= }}</ref>[[共振腔]]模與激子耦合。


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite journal |last=Fano |first=U. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1956 |month= |title=Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials |journal=Physical Review |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1202–1218 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.103.1202 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode = 1956PhRv..103.1202F }}
*{{cite journal |last=Fano |first=U. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1956 |month= |title=Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials |journal=Physical Review |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1202–1218 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.103.1202 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode = 1956PhRv..103.1202F }}
*{{cite journal |last=Hopfield |first=J. J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1958 |month= |title=Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals |journal=Physical Review |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=1555–1567 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode = 1958PhRv..112.1555H }}
*{{cite journal |last=Hopfield |first=J. J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1958 |month= |title=Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals |journal=Physical Review |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=1555–1567 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode = 1958PhRv..112.1555H }}

2019年11月15日 (五) 06:52的版本

電磁極化子是一種玻色子準粒子（不應與極子，一種費米子準粒子混淆）。它是由電磁波之間的強烈耦合以及帶有電偶極子或磁偶極子的激發作用中誕生，是能級迴避交叉（英语：Avoided crossing）現象的一種表現。

電磁極化子描述了光的色散與產生交互作用的共振的交叉，在此情況下其可被視作新的簡正模，形成於特定物質或結構的模的強烈耦合，即光子和偶極振盪。

在弱耦合近似條件不成立的情況下，光子在晶體自由傳播的模型並不充分。電磁極化子的一個主要特徵是其與光在晶體的傳播速度（光子的頻率）的強烈關聯。

歷史

1929年勒維·通克斯及歐文·蘭米爾觀察到等離化氣體的振盪。[1]而電磁極化子的概念則最初由Kirill Tolpygo所考慮到，他在1950年得出離子晶體中聲子與電磁波的耦合狀態及其色散的關聯，即聲子-電磁極化子。[2][3]黃昆也在1951年獨立得出此成果。[4][5]它在蘇聯被稱為光-激子（Light-exciton），現今的通用名稱則由約翰·霍普菲爾德所改。

1968年安德里亞斯·奧托首次發表有關表面等離極化激元的論文。[6]在2016年的意大利國家研究院以有機微腔器件觀察到室溫中的超流體弗倫克爾激子-電磁極化子。[7]在2018年2月發現了新的三光子形態，並可能形成電磁極化子；此發現有助量子電腦的發展。[8][9]

種類

  1. 聲子-電磁極化子：由紅外線光子及光學聲子的耦合。
  2. 激子-電磁極化子：由可見光光子及激子的耦合。其在使用氧化亞銅的實驗中取得豐碩的成果。
  3. 能帶內-電磁極化子：由紅外線或太赫輻射光子及能帶內激發（Intersubband excitation）耦合。
  4. 表面等離極化激元：由表面電漿子及光子（波長取決於物質及其形狀）的耦合。
  5. 布拉格電磁極化子（Braggoriton）：布拉格光子模與體激子（Bulk exciton）耦合。[10]
  6. 等離激子激元（Plexciton）：電漿子及激子的耦合。[11]
  7. 磁振子-電磁極化子：磁振子及光子的耦合。
  8. 共振腔-電磁極化子：[12]共振腔模與激子耦合。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Tonks, Lewi; Langmuir, Irving. Oscillations in Ionized Gases. Physical Review. 1929-02-01, 33 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.33.195. 
  2. ^ Tolpygo, K.B. Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions. Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (J. Exp. Theor. Phys.). 1950, 20 (6): 497–509, in Russian. 
  3. ^ K.B. Tolpygo, "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions," Zh. Eks.Teor. Fiz. vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 497–509 (1950), English translation: Ukrainian Journal of Physics, vol. 53, special issue (2008); Archived copy (PDF). [2015-10-15]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-12-08）. 
  4. ^ Huang, Kun. Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals. Nature. 1951, 167 (4254): 779–780. Bibcode:1951Natur.167..779H. doi:10.1038/167779b0. 
  5. ^ Huang, Kun. On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. 1951, 208: 352–365. 
  6. ^ Otto, A. Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection. Z. Phys. 1968, 216 (4): 398–410. Bibcode:1968ZPhy..216..398O. doi:10.1007/BF01391532. 
  7. ^ Lerario, Giovanni; Fieramosca, Antonio; Barachati, Fábio; Ballarini, Dario; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Dominici, Lorenzo; De Giorgi, Milena; Maier, Stefan A.; Gigli, Giuseppe; Kéna-Cohen, Stéphane; Sanvitto, Daniele. Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate. Nature Physics. 2017, 13 (9): 837–841. Bibcode:2017NatPh..13..837L. arXiv:1609.03153 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nphys4147. 
  8. ^ Hignett, Katherine. Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution. Newsweek. 16 February 2018 [17 February 2018]. 
  9. ^ Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium. Science. 16 February 2018, 359 (6377): 783–786. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. arXiv:1709.01478 可免费查阅. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. 
  10. ^ Eradat N., et al. (2002) Evidence for braggoriton excitations in opal photonic crystals infiltrated with highly polarizable dyes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80: 3491.
  11. ^ Yuen-Zhou, Joel; Saikin, Semion K.; Zhu, Tony; Onbasli, Mehmet C.; Ross, Caroline A.; Bulovic, Vladimir; Baldo, Marc A. Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes. Nature Communications. 2016-06-09, 7: 11783. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711783Y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4906226 可免费查阅. PMID 27278258. arXiv:1509.03687 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/ncomms11783 （英语）. 
  12. ^ Klingshirn, Claus F. Semiconductor Optics 4. Springer. 2012-07-06: 105. ISBN 978-364228362-8. 
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