血型性格學說：修订间差异

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'''血型人格理論'''（英語：Blood type personality theory）'''<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Japanese blood type theory of personality?|url=https://bigthink.com/mind-brain/blood-type-personality|access-date=19 July 2020|date=25 March 2019|last=Davis|first=Matt|publisher=[[Big Think]]}}</ref>'''，或稱'''血型性格學說'''等，是一種盛行於[[日本]]和[[韓國]]等地的[[偽科學]][[信仰]]，它指出一個人所屬的[[血型系統]]可以預測一個人的性格、氣質和與他人的兼容性。<ref name="AP">{{cite web|title=Myth about Japan blood types under attack|url=http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|access-date=29 December 2007|date=6 May 2005|last=Yamaguchi|first=Mari|publisher=MediResource Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182320/http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|archive-date=28 December 2009}}</ref> 該理論通常被[[科學界]]認為是一種[[迷信]]，類似於[[西洋占星術|西方的占星術信仰]]。
'''血型人格理論'''（英語：Blood type personality theory）'''<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Japanese blood type theory of personality?|url=https://bigthink.com/mind-brain/blood-type-personality|access-date=19 July 2020|date=25 March 2019|last=Davis|first=Matt|publisher=[[Big Think]]|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030950/https://bigthink.com/mind-brain/blood-type-personality}}</ref>'''，或稱'''血型性格學說'''等，是一種盛行於[[日本]]和[[韓國]]等地的[[偽科學]][[信仰]]，它指出一個人所屬的[[血型系統]]可以預測一個人的性格、氣質和與他人的兼容性。<ref name="AP">{{cite web|title=Myth about Japan blood types under attack|url=http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|access-date=29 December 2007|date=6 May 2005|last=Yamaguchi|first=Mari|publisher=MediResource Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182320/http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|archive-date=28 December 2009}}</ref> 該理論通常被[[科學界]]認為是一種[[迷信]]，類似於[[西洋占星術|西方的占星術信仰]]。


日本發展血型人格指標理論的原因之一是對德國科學家埃米爾·馮·鄧恩 (Emil von Dungern) 的聲稱的反應，即擁有B型血的人是劣等的。<ref>Takeji Furukawa (1927), 血液型と気質 Blood Type and Temperament - in Europe, type A was more common than type B, while in Asia type B was more prevalent. Von Dungren claimed A people are superior to B people. Because Asia had more B people than some parts of Europe, the inference was that Asia was inferior (along with European B's) A Japanese scholar, Takeji Furukawa opposed that idea and asserted that B persons were active while A persons were passive.</ref> 流行的信仰起源於 1970 年代[[能見正比古]]的出版物。
日本發展血型人格指標理論的原因之一是對德國科學家埃米爾·馮·鄧恩 (Emil von Dungern) 的聲稱的反應，即擁有B型血的人是劣等的。<ref>Takeji Furukawa (1927), 血液型と気質 Blood Type and Temperament - in Europe, type A was more common than type B, while in Asia type B was more prevalent. Von Dungren claimed A people are superior to B people. Because Asia had more B people than some parts of Europe, the inference was that Asia was inferior (along with European B's) A Japanese scholar, Takeji Furukawa opposed that idea and asserted that B persons were active while A persons were passive.</ref> 流行的信仰起源於 1970 年代[[能見正比古]]的出版物。


儘管已經提出了一些醫學[[假說|假設]]來支持血型人格理論<ref>{{cite journal|title=ABO Blood Type and Personality Traits in Healthy Japanese Subjects|first1=Shoko|last2=Saruwatari|first2=Junji|journal=PLOS ONE|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0126983|year=2015|volume=10|page=e0126983|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1026983T|pmc=4433257|pmid=25978647|last3=Kaneda|first3=Ayako|last4=Yasui-Furukori|first4=Norio|last1=Tsuchimine|doi-access=free}}</ref>，科學界普遍認為血型人格理論是迷信或偽科學，因為缺乏（符合科學標準的）證據或可供（科學式）檢驗的標準。<ref name="AP2">{{cite web|title=Myth about Japan blood types under attack|url=http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|access-date=29 December 2007|date=6 May 2005|last=Yamaguchi|first=Mari|publisher=MediResource Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182320/http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|archive-date=28 December 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8646236.stm Dating by blood type in Japan]</ref><ref name="Nuwer">{{cite web|title=You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=you-are-what-you-bleed-in-japan-and-2011-02-15&WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20110215|access-date=16 February 2011|last=Nuwer|first=Rachel|publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> 儘管對血型和性格之間[[因果關係]]的研究是有限的，但大多數現代研究並未證明兩者之間有任何[[統計學]]上的顯著關聯。<ref name="cramer">Cramer, K. M., & Imaike, E. (2002). Personality, blood type, and the five-factor model. Personality and individual differences, 32(4), 621-626.</ref><ref name="rogers">Rogers, M., & Glendon, A. I. (2003). Blood type and personality. Personality and individual differences, 34(7), 1099-1112.</ref><ref name="wu">Wu, K., Lindsted, K. D., & Lee, J. W. (2005). Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia. Personality and individual differences, 38(4), 797-808.</ref><ref name="nawata">Kengo Nawata (2014), [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjpsy/85/2/85_85.13016/_pdf ''No relationship between blood type and personality: Evidence from large-scale surveys in Japan and the US''], The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85(2), 148-156.</ref> 一些研究表明，血型和性格之間存在統計學上的顯著關係，儘管尚不清楚這是否僅僅是由於[[自我實現預言|自我實現的預言]]。<ref name="sakamoto2004">Sakamoto, A., & Yamazaki, K. (2004), [http://www.hss.ocha.ac.jp/psych/socpsy/sakamoto/media/2003-2004/blood%20typical.pdf ''Blood-typical personality stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecy: A natural experiment with time-series data of 1978–1988.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122125350/http://www.hss.ocha.ac.jp/psych/socpsy/sakamoto/media/2003-2004/blood%20typical.pdf|date=2016-01-22}}, Progress in Asian Social Psychology, Vol. 4, 239–262.</ref><ref name="sakamoto1992">Yamazaki, K., & Sakamoto, A. (1992), 血液型ステレオタイプによる自己成就現象II－全国調査の時系列分析－ ''The self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical personality stereotypes: time-series analysis of nation-wide survey II'', Paper presented at the 33rd annual convention of the Japanese society of social psychology. Tokyo (pp. 342-345).</ref><ref name="nagashima">Cosy Muto, Masahiro Nagashima et. al. (2011), [https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/pdf/2011/seika/C-19/17301/22650191seika.pdf A Demonstrative and Critical Study on Pseudo-science for Scientific Literacy Construction at Teacher Education Course]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, FY2011 Final Research Report from the Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research - neither exact number of samples nor years was specified in the report</ref>
儘管已經提出了一些醫學[[假說|假設]]來支持血型人格理論<ref>{{cite journal|title=ABO Blood Type and Personality Traits in Healthy Japanese Subjects|first1=Shoko|last2=Saruwatari|first2=Junji|journal=PLOS ONE|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0126983|year=2015|volume=10|page=e0126983|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1026983T|pmc=4433257|pmid=25978647|last3=Kaneda|first3=Ayako|last4=Yasui-Furukori|first4=Norio|last1=Tsuchimine|doi-access=free}}</ref>，科學界普遍認為血型人格理論是迷信或偽科學，因為缺乏（符合科學標準的）證據或可供（科學式）檢驗的標準。<ref name="AP2">{{cite web|title=Myth about Japan blood types under attack|url=http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|access-date=29 December 2007|date=6 May 2005|last=Yamaguchi|first=Mari|publisher=MediResource Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228182320/http://aol.mediresource.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=6661&news_channel_id=11&channel_id=11|archive-date=28 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8646236.stm |title=Dating by blood type in Japan |access-date=2021-12-17 |archive-date=2011-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8646236.stm }}</ref><ref name="Nuwer">{{cite web|title=You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=you-are-what-you-bleed-in-japan-and-2011-02-15&WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20110215|access-date=16 February 2011|last=Nuwer|first=Rachel|publisher=Scientific American|archive-date=2012-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018035447/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/02/15/you-are-what-you-bleed-in-japan-and-other-east-asian-countries-some-believe-blood-type-dictates-personality/?WT.mc_id=SA_DD_20110215}}</ref> 儘管對血型和性格之間[[因果關係]]的研究是有限的，但大多數現代研究並未證明兩者之間有任何[[統計學]]上的顯著關聯。<ref name="cramer">Cramer, K. M., & Imaike, E. (2002). Personality, blood type, and the five-factor model. Personality and individual differences, 32(4), 621-626.</ref><ref name="rogers">Rogers, M., & Glendon, A. I. (2003). Blood type and personality. Personality and individual differences, 34(7), 1099-1112.</ref><ref name="wu">Wu, K., Lindsted, K. D., & Lee, J. W. (2005). Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia. Personality and individual differences, 38(4), 797-808.</ref><ref name="nawata">Kengo Nawata (2014), [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjpsy/85/2/85_85.13016/_pdf ''No relationship between blood type and personality: Evidence from large-scale surveys in Japan and the US''] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjpsy/85/2/85_85.13016/_pdf |date=20211217072813 }}, The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85(2), 148-156.</ref> 一些研究表明，血型和性格之間存在統計學上的顯著關係，儘管尚不清楚這是否僅僅是由於[[自我實現預言|自我實現的預言]]。<ref name="sakamoto2004">Sakamoto, A., & Yamazaki, K. (2004), [http://www.hss.ocha.ac.jp/psych/socpsy/sakamoto/media/2003-2004/blood%20typical.pdf ''Blood-typical personality stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecy: A natural experiment with time-series data of 1978–1988.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122125350/http://www.hss.ocha.ac.jp/psych/socpsy/sakamoto/media/2003-2004/blood%20typical.pdf|date=2016-01-22}}, Progress in Asian Social Psychology, Vol. 4, 239–262.</ref><ref name="sakamoto1992">Yamazaki, K., & Sakamoto, A. (1992), 血液型ステレオタイプによる自己成就現象II－全国調査の時系列分析－ ''The self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical personality stereotypes: time-series analysis of nation-wide survey II'', Paper presented at the 33rd annual convention of the Japanese society of social psychology. Tokyo (pp. 342-345).</ref><ref name="nagashima">Cosy Muto, Masahiro Nagashima et. al. (2011), [https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/pdf/2011/seika/C-19/17301/22650191seika.pdf A Demonstrative and Critical Study on Pseudo-science for Scientific Literacy Construction at Teacher Education Course]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, FY2011 Final Research Report from the Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research - neither exact number of samples nor years was specified in the report</ref>


==歷史==
==歷史==

2022年7月20日 (三) 12:12的版本

血型人格理論（英語：Blood type personality theory）[1]，或稱血型性格學說等，是一種盛行於日本和韓國等地的偽科學信仰，它指出一個人所屬的血型系統可以預測一個人的性格、氣質和與他人的兼容性。[2] 該理論通常被科學界認為是一種迷信，類似於西方的占星術信仰。

日本發展血型人格指標理論的原因之一是對德國科學家埃米爾·馮·鄧恩 (Emil von Dungern) 的聲稱的反應，即擁有B型血的人是劣等的。[3] 流行的信仰起源於 1970 年代能見正比古的出版物。

儘管已經提出了一些醫學假設來支持血型人格理論[4]，科學界普遍認為血型人格理論是迷信或偽科學，因為缺乏（符合科學標準的）證據或可供（科學式）檢驗的標準。[5][6][7] 儘管對血型和性格之間因果關係的研究是有限的，但大多數現代研究並未證明兩者之間有任何統計學上的顯著關聯。[8][9][10][11] 一些研究表明，血型和性格之間存在統計學上的顯著關係，儘管尚不清楚這是否僅僅是由於自我實現的預言。[12][13][14]

歷史

1900年，奥地利维也纳大学病理研究所的生物学家卡尔·兰德施泰纳，發現了ABO血型系统。隨後，1910至1911年，波兰人希尔斯菲尔德和德国人冯·登格恩发现了ABO血型系统的遗传性。

在昭和年間，這個學說傳入日本。1927年，東京女子高等師範学校（今御茶水女子大學）的教授古川竹二，在學術期刊《心理研究》上，發表一篇論文「基於血型的氣質研究」（血液型による気質の研究），首次提出人類血型與人類先天的性格有關。他的研究引起日本社會的關注與興趣，但是他的研究樣本不到三十個人，在統計學上的可靠性不高。

日本陸軍對他的研究很感興趣，贊助他的研究，希望找出最好的血型組合，來組織軍隊。因台灣霧社事件影響，1932年，古川竹二再度發表論文，研究各族群間的血型差異，希望找出台灣原住民反抗的原因。他認為，參與反抗運動的台灣人以O型居多，他們反抗心較強烈。他建議日本政府，讓日本人與台灣人通婚，以減少台灣人反抗的基因（因日本人A型血最多）。但他的研究結果，受到金澤醫科大學古畑種基教授的質疑，認為缺少科學性，因此逐漸不再流行。

二次世界大戰結束後，1971年，能見正比古出版著作，再度介紹血型與性格間的關係，成為熱門著作。因此，血型性格學說，再度廣泛在日本社會中流行，並外傳至韓國、中國等地。能見正比古去世後，他的兒子能見俊賢設立了「人類科学ABO中心 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）」活動。

科學研究

醫學界一般認為血型性格學說缺少可信度，因為在目前的研究中，還沒有發現血型可以影響到大腦神經系統運作，以及影響到思考、人格形成的證據，血型性格學說也沒有提供對於血型如何影響到大腦的科學解釋。

相關流行文化

參考資料

  1. ^ Davis, Matt. What is the Japanese blood type theory of personality?. Big Think. 25 March 2019 [19 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-09）. 
  2. ^ Yamaguchi, Mari. Myth about Japan blood types under attack. MediResource Inc. 6 May 2005 [29 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于28 December 2009）. 
  3. ^ Takeji Furukawa (1927), 血液型と気質 Blood Type and Temperament - in Europe, type A was more common than type B, while in Asia type B was more prevalent. Von Dungren claimed A people are superior to B people. Because Asia had more B people than some parts of Europe, the inference was that Asia was inferior (along with European B's) A Japanese scholar, Takeji Furukawa opposed that idea and asserted that B persons were active while A persons were passive.
  4. ^ Tsuchimine, Shoko; Saruwatari, Junji; Kaneda, Ayako; Yasui-Furukori, Norio. ABO Blood Type and Personality Traits in Healthy Japanese Subjects. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (5): e0126983. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1026983T. PMC 4433257 可免费查阅. PMID 25978647. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126983 可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ Yamaguchi, Mari. Myth about Japan blood types under attack. MediResource Inc. 6 May 2005 [29 December 2007]. （原始内容存档于28 December 2009）. 
  6. ^ Dating by blood type in Japan. [2021-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-04）. 
  7. ^ Nuwer, Rachel. You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality. Scientific American. [16 February 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-18）. 
  8. ^ Cramer, K. M., & Imaike, E. (2002). Personality, blood type, and the five-factor model. Personality and individual differences, 32(4), 621-626.
  9. ^ Rogers, M., & Glendon, A. I. (2003). Blood type and personality. Personality and individual differences, 34(7), 1099-1112.
  10. ^ Wu, K., Lindsted, K. D., & Lee, J. W. (2005). Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia. Personality and individual differences, 38(4), 797-808.
  11. ^ Kengo Nawata (2014), No relationship between blood type and personality: Evidence from large-scale surveys in Japan and the US （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85(2), 148-156.
  12. ^ Sakamoto, A., & Yamazaki, K. (2004), Blood-typical personality stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecy: A natural experiment with time-series data of 1978–1988. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-01-22., Progress in Asian Social Psychology, Vol. 4, 239–262.
  13. ^ Yamazaki, K., & Sakamoto, A. (1992), 血液型ステレオタイプによる自己成就現象II－全国調査の時系列分析－ The self-fulfillment phenomenon generated by blood-typical personality stereotypes: time-series analysis of nation-wide survey II, Paper presented at the 33rd annual convention of the Japanese society of social psychology. Tokyo (pp. 342-345).
  14. ^ Cosy Muto, Masahiro Nagashima et. al. (2011), A Demonstrative and Critical Study on Pseudo-science for Scientific Literacy Construction at Teacher Education Course[永久失效連結], FY2011 Final Research Report from the Database of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research - neither exact number of samples nor years was specified in the report

延伸閱讀

術語
常被归为伪科学
的理论或技术
伪科学拥护者
相關條目
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