User:31cc/法罗语音系
法罗语音系与冰岛语音系密切相关，但两者的区别并不同。相似之处包括塞辅音的预送气对立，保留前圆元音和元音质量变化而不是元音长度区别。
元音
[编辑]
| 前元音 | 中元音 | 后元音 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 撮唇 | 敛唇 | |||||||
| 短元音 | 长元音 | 短音 | 长音 | 短音 | 长音 | 短音 | 长音 | |
| 闭元音 | ɪ | iː | ʏ | (yː) | ʊ | uː | ||
| 中元音 | ɛ | eː | œ | øː | ɔ | oː | ||
| 开元音 | a | (aː) | ||||||
- /yː/ and /aː/ 只出现在外来词中。[1]
- 长中元音 /eː, øː, oː/ 倾向于双元音化为 [eɛː ~ eəː, øœː ~ øəː, oɔː ~ oəː]。[1]
- 根据 Peterson (2000) 中原生元音的平均共振峰值（因此不包括 /yː/ 和 /aː/），引用于 Árnason (2011:76頁)：
- /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ/ 比相应的时态元音更开放，其中 /ɪ/ 是三个中最开放的 ([ɪ̞]) 并且与后面的 /oː/ 具有相同的 F1 值。 /ʏ/的F2值更接近/ɪ/的F2值，说明它是前元音。
- /øː/ 尤其是 /eː/ 比语音上的近中音 /oː/（[oː]，通常双元音化为 [oɔː ~ oəː]）。 /øː/ 和 /eː/ 都比相应的短元音更开放；此外，/øː/ 比任何中前元音都更居中，包括 /œ/，而 /eː/ 是最前面的 中元音。这表明它们最好在窄转录中转录 [ɞː] 和 [ɛː] ，至少在单元音变体的情况下（Árnason 报告双元音 [øœː] 和 [eɛː] 作为 /øː/ 和 /eː/ 的一种常见实现类型。这些双元音的起始点非常接近）。
- /a/的F1值略高于/eː/，表明它是一个近开元音。 此外，它的F2值比/œ/更接近/ɔ/，这表明它是一个近开近后元音{{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ̽} }。
- /œ/ 比 /a/ 更接近，但不如 /oː/ 接近。 它比 /øː/ 更靠前，这表明它是中前元音 [œ̝]。
- /ɔ/ 与 /œ/ 具有相同的 F1 值，这表明它也是 [ɔ̝]。 剩余的短中 /ɛ/ 比这两个更开放，表明 [ɛ] 是最好的窄转录。
与其他日耳曼语言一样，法罗语有大量的元音音位； 一种分析认为，长元音和短元音可以被认为是单独的音素，总共有 26 个。 元音分布与其他北日耳曼语言相似，短元音出现在闭音节（那些以辅音簇或长辅音结尾的音节）和长元音出现在开音节中。
| 单体字i | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 长元音 | 短元音 | |||||
| /i/ | linur | [ˈliːnʊɹ] | '软的' | lint | [lɪn̥t] | '软的 (N.)' |
| /e/ | frekur | [ˈfɹeː(ʰ)kʊɹ ~ ˈfɹeεːkʊɹ] | 'greedy' | frekt | [fɹɛʰkt] | 'greedy (N.)' |
| /y/ | mytisk | [ˈmyːtɪsk] | 'mythological' | mystisk | [ˈmʏstɪsk] | 'mysterious' |
| /ø/ | høgur | [ˈhøːʋʊɹ ~ ˈhøœːʋʊɹ] | 'high (M.)' | høgt | [hœkt] | 'high (N.)' |
| /u/ | gulur | [ˈkuːlʊɹ] | 'yellow' | gult | [kʊl̥t] | 'yellow (N.)' |
| /o/ | tola | [ˈtʰoːla ~ ˈtʰoɔːla] | 'to endure' | toldi | [ˈtʰɔltɪ] | 'endured' |
| /a/ | Kanada | [ˈkʰaːnata] | 'Canada' | land | [lant] | 'land' |
| Diphthongs | ||||||
| Long vowel | Short vowel | |||||
| /ʊi/ | hvítur | [ˈkfʊiːtʊɹ] | 'white (M.)' | hvítt | [kfʊiʰtː] | 'white (N.)' |
| /ɛi/ | deyður | [ˈteiːjʊɹ] | 'dead (M.)' | deytt | [tɛʰtː] | 'dead (N.)' |
| /ai/ | feitur | [ˈfaiːtʊɹ] | 'fat (M.)' | feitt | [faiʰtː ~ fɔiʰtː] | 'fat (N.)' |
| /ɔi/ | gloyma | [ˈklɔiːma] | 'to forget' | gloymdi | [ˈklɔimtɪ] | 'forgot' |
| /ɛa/ | spakur | [ˈspɛaː(ʰ)kʊɹ] | 'calm (M.)' | spakt | [spakt] | 'calm (N.)' |
| /ɔa/ | vátur | [ˈvɔaːtʊɹ] | 'wet (M.)' | vátt | [vɔʰtː] | 'wet (N.)' |
| /ʉu/ | fúlur | [ˈfʉuːlʊɹ] | 'foul (M.)' | fúlt | [fʏl̥t] | 'foul (N.)' |
| /ɔu/ | tómur | [ˈtʰɔuːmʊɹ ~ ˈtʰœuːmʊɹ] | 'empty (M.)' | tómt | [tʰœm̥t ~ tʰɔm̥t] | 'empty (N.)' |
Faroese avoids having a hiatus between two vowels by inserting a glide between them.
There is considerable variation among dialects in the pronunciation of vowels.
The only unstressed vowels in Faroese are short [a, ɪ, ʊ]; these appear in inflectional endings: áðrenn (e.g. [ˈɔaːɹɪnː] 'before'). Very typical are endings like -ur, -ir, -ar. The dative is often indicated by [ʊn].
- [a] – bátar [ˈpɔaːtaɹ] ('boats'), kallar [ˈkʰatlaɹ] ('[you] call')
- [ɪ] – gestir [ˈtʃɛstɪɹ] ('guests'), dugir [ˈtuːɪɹ] ('[you] can')
- [ʊ] – bátur [ˈpɔaːtʊɹ] ('boat'), gentur [tʃɛn̥tʊɹ] ('girls'), rennur [ˈɹɛnːʊɹ] ('[you] run').
In some dialects, unstressed short /ʊ/ is realized as [ø] or is reduced further to [ə]. /ɪ/ goes under a similar reduction pattern as it varies between [ɪ ~ ɛ ~ ə] so unstressed /ʊ/ and /ɪ/ can rhyme. This can cause spelling mistakes related to these two vowels. The following table displays the different realizations in different dialects.
| Word | Borðoy Kunoy Tórshavn |
Viðoy Svínoy Fugloy |
Suðuroy | Elsewhere (standard) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gulur ('yellow') | [ˈkuːləɹ] | [ˈkuːləɹ] | [ˈkuːløɹ] | [ˈkuːlʊɹ] |
| gulir ('yellow' Template:Gcl) | [ˈkuːləɹ] | [ˈkuːləɹ] | [ˈkuːløɹ] | [ˈkuːlɪɹ] |
| bygdin ('town') | [ˈpɪktɪn] | [ˈpɪktən] | [ˈpɪktøn] | [ˈpɪktɪn] |
| bygdum ('towns' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl) | [ˈpɪktʊn] | [ˈpɪktən] | [ˈpɪktøn] | [ˈpɪktʊn] |
Skerping
[编辑]| Written | Pronunciation | instead of |
|---|---|---|
| -ógv- | [ɛkv] | *[ɔu̯kv] (expected fronting: *[œy̯kv]) |
| -úgv- | [ɪkv] | *[ʉu̯kv] (expected fronting: *[yy̯kv] → *[yːkv]) |
| -eyggj- | [ɛtʃː] | *[ɛi̯tʃː] |
| -íggj-, -ýggj- | [ʊtʃː] | *[ʊitʃː] |
| -eiggj- | [atʃː] | *[aitʃː] |
| -oyggj- | [ɔtʃː] | *[ɔitʃː] |
The so-called "skerping" ([ʃɛʂpɪŋk] 'sharpening')[4] is a typical phenomenon of fronting back vowels before [kv] and monophthongizing certain diphthongs before long [tʃː]. Skerping is not indicated orthographically.
- [ɛkv]: Jógvan [ˈjɛkvan] (a form of the name John), gjógv [tʃɛkv] ('cleft')
- [ɪkv]: kúgv [kʰɪkv] ('cow'), trúgva [ˈtʂɪkva] ('believe'), but: trúleysur [ˈtʂʉuːlɛisʊɹ] ('faithless')
- [ɛtʃː]: heyggjur [ˈhɛtʃːʊɹ] ('high'), but heygnum [ˈhɛiːnʊn] ('high [dat. sg.]')
- [ʊtʃː]: nýggjur [ˈnʊtʃːʊɹ] ('new [M.]'), but nýtt [nʊiʰtː] ('New [Nn.]')
- [atʃː]: beiggi [ˈpatʃːɪ] ('brother')
- [ɔtʃː]: oyggj [ɔtʃː] ('island'), but oynna [ˈɔitnːa] ('island [acc. sg.]')
Consonants
[编辑]| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar/ Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive / Affricate |
plain | p | t | tʃ | k | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ɬ | ʂ | ʃ | h |
| voiced | v | ||||||
| Approximant | ɹ | l | j | ||||
- /f, v/ are normally labiodental, but may sometimes be bilabial ([ɸ, β ~ β̞]). Intervocalic /v/ is normally an approximant [ʋ], whereas word-initial /v/ varies between an approximant [ʋ] and a fricative [v].[5]
- /n/ is dental [n̪], whereas /tʰ, t/ vary between being dental [t̪ʰ, t̪] and (less commonly) alveolar [tʰ, t].[5]
- Initial /l/ is dental [l̪] or alveolar [l]. Postvocalic /l/ may be more of a postalveolar lateral [l̠], especially after back vowels.[5]
- /tʃʰ, tʃ/ are palato-alveolar, and vary between stops [t̠ʲʰ, t̠ʲ] and affricates [tʃʰ, tʃ].[6]
- /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are velar, whereas /h/ is glottal.[7]
There are several phonological processes involved in Faroese, including:
- Liquid consonants are devoiced before voiceless consonants
- Nasal consonants generally assume the place of articulation and laryngeal settings of following consonants.
- Velar stop consonants (/k/, /ɡ/) palatalize to postalveolar affricates before /iː, ɪ, eː, ɛ, ɛi, j/.
- /v/ becomes devoiced to /f/ before voiceless consonants
- /s/ before another consonant becomes /ʃ/ after /ɛi, ai, ɔi, ʊi/
- /sk/ becomes /ʃ/ before /iː, ɪ, eː, ɛ, ɛi, j/ (but in morphological forms often /stʃ/ word internally, i.e. elski [ɛɬstʃɪ] 'I love')
- /ɹ/ retroflexes itself as well as following consonants in consonant clusters, yielding the allophones [ʂ, ɭ, ʈ, ɳ] while /ɹ/ itself becomes [ɻ], example: ⟨rd⟩ [ɻʈ]; preaspirated consonants devoice the rhotic: example: ⟨rt⟩ [ɻ̊ʈ]; ⟨rs⟩ is usually [ʂː] (only in some loanwords [ɻ̊ʂ]). Voiceless [ɻ̊] is usually realised as [ʂ].
- Pre-stopping of original ⟨ll⟩ to [tl] and ⟨nn⟩ to [tn].
- Intervocalically the aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated unless followed by a closed vowel. In clusters, the preaspiration merges with a preceding nasal or apical approximant, rendering them voiceless, example: ⟨nt⟩ [n̥t]
Omissions in consonant clusters
[编辑]Faroese tends to omit the first or second consonant in clusters of different consonants:
- fjals [fjals] ('mountain's') instead of *[fjatls] from [fjatl] (Template:Gcl). Other examples for genitives are: barns [ˈpans] ('child's'), vatns [van̥s] ('water's').
- hjálpti [jɔɬtɪ] ('helped' Template:Gcl Template:Gcl) instead of *[ˈjɔɬptɪ] from hjálpa [ˈjɔɬpa]. Other examples for past forms are: sigldi [ˈsɪltɪ] ('sailed'), yrkti [ˈɪɻ̊ʈɪ] ('wrote poetry').
- homophone are fylgdi ('followed') and fygldi ('caught birds with a net'): [ˈfɪltɪ].
- skt will be:
- [st] in words of more than one syllable: føroyskt [ˈføːɹɪst] ('Faroese' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); russiskt [ˈɹʊsːɪst] ('Russian' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); íslendskt [ˈʊʃlɛŋ̊st] ('Icelandic' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl).
- [kst] in monosyllables: enskt [ɛŋ̊kst] ('English' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); danskt [taŋ̊kst] ('Danish' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); franskt [fɹaŋ̊kst] ('French' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); spanskt [spaŋ̊kst] ('Spanish' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); svenskt [svɛŋ̊kst] ('Swedish' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl); týskt [tʰʊikst] ('German' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl).
- However [ʂt] in: írskt [ʊʂt] ('Irish' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl), norskt [nɔʂt] ('Norwegian' Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl)
References
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Árnason (2011)，第75頁.
- ^ Árnason (2011)，第68頁.
- ^ Þráinsson (2004)，第350頁.
- ^ Þráinsson et al. use the term "Faroese Verschärfung"
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Árnason (2011)，第115頁.
- ^ Árnason (2011)，第116頁.
- ^ Árnason (2011)，第114頁.
Bibliography
[编辑]- Árnason, Kristján, The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0199229314
- Þráinsson, Höskuldur, Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, 2004, ISBN 978-9991841854
- Peterson, Hjalmar P., Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum, Málting, 2000, 28: 37–43
Further reading
[编辑]- Barnes, Michael P.; Weyhe, Eivind, 7 Faroese, van der Auwera, Johan; König, Ekkehard (编), The Germanic Languages, Routledge: 190–218, 2013 [First published 1994], ISBN 978-0-415-05768-4
- Cathey, James, Variation and reduction in Modern Faroese vowels, Birkmann, Thomas; Klingenberg, Heinz; Nübling, Damaris; Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke (编), Vergleichende germanische Philologie und Skandinavistik: Festschrift für Otmar Werner, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag: 91–100, 1997, ISBN 978-3484730311
- O'Neil, Wayne A., Faroese Vowel Morphophonemics, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1964, 40 (3): 366–371, JSTOR 411501, doi:10.2307/411501
- Rischel, Jørgen, Toward the phonetic description of Faroese vowels, Fróðskaparrit, 1964, 13: 99–113