豹鬣狗
外观
豹鬣狗 化石时期:
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豹鬣狗(C. lunensis)颅骨 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
目: | 食肉目 Carnivora |
科: | 鬣狗科 Hyaenidae |
亚科: | 鬣狗亚科 Hyaeninae |
属: | †豹鬣狗属 Chasmaporthetes Hay, 1921 |
种 | |
见内文 | |
异名 | |
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豹鬣狗(Chasmaporthetes)是一属已灭绝的鬣狗,分布于上新世至更新世时期(490 万年前 - 78 万年前,共约 412 万年[1])的欧亚大陆、北美洲及非洲。豹鬣狗可能起源于中新世的鬣狗像是黑海鬣狗和狼鬣狗,本属最古老的物种为 C. borissiaki[2]。C. ossifragus 是唯一于上新世跨越白令陆桥进入北美洲的一种鬣狗,于500-150万年前的勃朗阶及阿文顿阶早期,分布在阿利桑那州至墨西哥等地[2][3]。
物种
[编辑]本属目前已知共有 9 种[5]:
- Chasmaporthetes australis Hendey, 1974
- Chasmaporthetes bonisi Koufos, 1987
- Chasmaporthetes borissiaki Khomenko, 1932
- Chasmaporthetes exitelus Kurten & Werdelin, 1988
- Chasmaporthetes gangsriensis Tseng, Li, & Wang, 2013
- Chasmaporthetes lunensis (Del Campana, 1914)
- Chasmaporthetes melei Rook et al, 2004
- Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer, 1955
- Chasmaporthetes ossifragus Hay, 1921[6]
描述与古生态学
[编辑]豹鬣狗有幼长的牙齿及四肢,前肢较后肢长。它们生活在开阔的平原上,并像现今非洲的猎豹般追捕猎物。在欧洲,C. lunensis面临与巨猎豹的竞争,它们可能以小型蹬羚 Gazella borbonica 及山羊 Procamptoceras brivatense 为食[7]。北美洲的 C. ossifragus身体结构与 C. lunensis 类似,但拥有更强壮的下颚与牙齿。它们可能以巨大旱獭 Paenemarmota 为食[2],并与恐犬竞争[8]。一项针对本属物种前臼齿间距的研究显示豹鬣狗可能为超级食肉动物而非现存鬣狗的食壳性(食壳性动物以有硬壳或坚硬的食物为食,例如骨头)[9]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ PaleoBiology Database: Chasmaporthetes, basic info. [2019-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-13).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kurtén, Björn (1980) Pleistocene mammals of North America, p. 199, Columbia University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-231-03733-3
- ^ Macdonald, David (1992) The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores, p. 119-144, New York: Parkwest, ISBN 0-563-20844-9
- ^ Erberhart, George M. (2002) Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-283-5
- ^ Tseng, Z.J.; et al. A new cursorial hyena from Tibet, and analysis of biostratigraphy, paleozoogeography, and dental morphology of Chasmaporthetes (Carnivora, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2013, 33 (6): 1457–1471. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.775142.
- ^ Z. Jack Tseng, Grant Zazula and Lars Werdelin. 2019. First Fossils of Hyenas (Chasmaporthetes, Hyaenidae, Carnivora) from North of the Arctic Circle. Open Quaternary. 5(1) DOI: 10.5334/oq.64
- ^ Kurtén, Björn (1968) Pleistocene mammals of Europe, p. 68-69, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968
- ^ Wang, Xiaoming & Tedford, Richard H. (2008) Dogs: their fossil relatives and evolutionary history Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-13528-9
- ^ A. Hartstone-Rose (2011) Reconstructing the diets of extinct South African carnivorans from premolar ‘intercuspid notch’ morphology, Journal of Zoology, Vol. 284 Issue 2