詹姆斯主义
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詹姆斯主义(英语:Jacobitism),也译作詹姆斯派、詹姆斯党,指支持斯图亚特王朝君主詹姆斯二世及其后代夺回英国王位的一个政治、军事团体,多为天主教教徒组成。
起源
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jacobite_kings_in_St_Peters_Cathedral.jpg/200px-Jacobite_kings_in_St_Peters_Cathedral.jpg)
1688年,英格兰发生光荣革命,詹姆斯二世被推翻,其女儿玛丽二世及其信奉新教的丈夫荷兰执政奥兰治的威廉被拥立为同朝国王。詹姆斯二世逃亡法国后,即致力于争取法国和西班牙支持其夺回英国王位。在爱尔兰和苏格兰(尤其是高地地区),詹姆斯党拥有广泛的支持,在英格兰和威尔士,也有少数人支持詹姆斯党,特别是在北部。许多詹姆斯党人认为英国国会废黜詹姆斯二世是不合法的,他们还希望詹姆斯复辟后可以帮助他们摆脱宗教上的受歧视地位。苏格兰当地的许多贵族面临着英格兰的压力,为维护传统的氏族制度,他们团结在詹姆斯党的旗帜下,进行了可歌可泣的斗争。
詹姆斯党的徽章是约克家族的白玫瑰,纪念日是6月10日——詹姆斯二世之子詹姆斯·法兰西斯·爱德华·斯图亚特(老王位觊觎者)的生日。
家族
[编辑]战斗
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg)
爱尔兰
[编辑]1689年3月12日,詹姆斯二世在法国的支持下在效忠于他的爱尔兰登陆。自从1688年底开始,爱尔兰总督就已经开始率军围攻新教据点伦敦德里。爱尔兰国会也宣布英格兰国会对詹姆斯二世的废黜在爱尔兰境内无效。
但是,不久威廉的援军到达爱尔兰,8月,伦敦德里解围。不久之后,威廉的军队控制了大部分乌尔斯特地区。次年,威廉军队在博因河战役中突袭詹姆斯党军队成功。虽然詹姆斯党的军事力量并未受到大的伤害,惊慌失措的詹姆斯二世还是立即撤往法国,将其军队留在爱尔兰任其自生自灭。1691年10月,詹姆斯党军队被迫向威廉的军队投降,后得以全军撤往法国,被法军收编为其“爱尔兰旅”。
在此后的一个世纪中,詹姆斯党仍然在爱尔兰的政治生活中具有影响,但是再也没能组织起军事反抗活动。
苏格兰
[编辑]邓迪起义
[编辑]老王位觊觎者的行动
[编辑]小王位觊觎者的行动
[编辑]衰落
[编辑]1745年的行动失败后,查尔斯·爱德华·斯图亚特仍然设法逃回法国。但是,随着英、法两国开始和谈,查尔斯在法国的存在便成了法国需要摆脱的包袱。查尔斯拒不服从法国要求其离境的命令,仍然在法国境内鼓吹对英国开战。1748年,查尔斯被法国政府逮捕后强行递解出境。
其后,查尔斯继续筹划在英格兰进行秘密活动,为此,他转而寻求普鲁士的协助。当普鲁士拒绝其要求后,英格兰的詹姆斯党人开始动摇。查尔斯的计划接连被英国政府破获,这使他本人开始心灰意懒。1754年,查尔斯在一次醉酒后威胁要说出潜藏在英格兰的詹姆斯党人以惩罚他们的“叛变”,此后,英格兰的詹姆斯党人彻底放弃了对其事业的资助。
1766年,詹姆斯·法兰西斯·爱德华·斯图亚特去世,教皇拒绝承认查尔斯·爱德华·斯图亚特为正统的英国国王,于是詹姆斯党失去了最基本的支持。1788年,苏格兰天主教会最终承认汉诺威王朝国王为其君主,并为其祈祷。为了切断詹姆斯党最后的军事支持,英国政府颁布了一系列的法令,消灭了苏格兰高地的氏族制度。
1788年,查尔斯去世,其弟亨利·斯图亚特被拥立为“英国国王亨利九世”,当亨利于1807年去世后,詹姆斯党将继承权先后传给萨伏依国王、哈布斯堡-洛林王朝和巴伐利亚大公(均为查理一世幼女亨里埃塔·安妮的后代),但是没有人再坚持自己对英国王位的继承权。
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