副作用：修订间差异
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<!--an [[抗抑郁药|anti-depressant]], is also used as a smoking cessation aid; this indication was later approved, and the name of the smoking cessation product is Zyban. In Ontario, Canada, smoking cessation drugs are not covered by provincial drug plans; elsewhere, Zyban is priced higher than Wellbutrin, despite being the same drug. Therefore, some physicians prescribe Wellbutrin for both indications.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} --> |
<!--an [[抗抑郁药|anti-depressant]], is also used as a smoking cessation aid; this indication was later approved, and the name of the smoking cessation product is Zyban. In Ontario, Canada, smoking cessation drugs are not covered by provincial drug plans; elsewhere, Zyban is priced higher than Wellbutrin, despite being the same drug. Therefore, some physicians prescribe Wellbutrin for both indications.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} --> |
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* [[卡马西平|Carbamazepine]] 被核可於治療[[躁鬱症]]（bipolar disorder）和 {{tsl|en|epileptic seizure||epileptic seizure}}。但Carbamazepine的副作用對於治療下列症狀也很有效：[[注意力不足過動症]] (ADHD)、[[思覺失調症]]（schizophrenia）、[[幻肢]]（phantom limb syndrome）、[[阵发性剧痛症|阵发性剧痛症]]（paroxysmal extreme pain disorder）、{{tsl|en|neuromyotonia||neuromyotonia}}、和 [[創傷後壓力症候群|創傷後壓力症候群]]（post-traumatic stress disorder）。<!--is an approved treatment for [[躁鬱症|bipolar disorder]] and {{tsl|en|epileptic seizure||epileptic seizure}}<nowiki/>s, but it has side effects useful in treating [[注意力不足過動症|attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD), [[精神分裂症|schizophrenia]], [[幻肢|phantom limb]] syndrome, [[阵发性剧痛症|paroxysmal extreme pain disorder]], {{tsl|en|neuromyotonia||neuromyotonia}}, and [[創傷後壓力症候群|post-traumatic stress disorder]].--><ref>[http://www.leeheymd.com/charts/dep4_1.html Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive)]. Leeheymd.com (2003-08-01). Retrieved on 2011-08-17.</ref> |
* [[卡马西平|Carbamazepine]] 被核可於治療[[躁鬱症]]（bipolar disorder）和 {{tsl|en|epileptic seizure||epileptic seizure}}。但Carbamazepine的副作用對於治療下列症狀也很有效：[[注意力不足過動症]] (ADHD)、[[思覺失調症]]（schizophrenia）、[[幻肢]]（phantom limb syndrome）、[[阵发性剧痛症|阵发性剧痛症]]（paroxysmal extreme pain disorder）、{{tsl|en|neuromyotonia||neuromyotonia}}、和 [[創傷後壓力症候群|創傷後壓力症候群]]（post-traumatic stress disorder）。<!--is an approved treatment for [[躁鬱症|bipolar disorder]] and {{tsl|en|epileptic seizure||epileptic seizure}}<nowiki/>s, but it has side effects useful in treating [[注意力不足過動症|attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD), [[精神分裂症|schizophrenia]], [[幻肢|phantom limb]] syndrome, [[阵发性剧痛症|paroxysmal extreme pain disorder]], {{tsl|en|neuromyotonia||neuromyotonia}}, and [[創傷後壓力症候群|post-traumatic stress disorder]].--><ref>[http://www.leeheymd.com/charts/dep4_1.html Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive)]. Leeheymd.com (2003-08-01). Retrieved on 2011-08-17.</ref> |
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* [[地塞米松|Dexamethasone]] 和 {{tsl|en|Betamethasone||Betamethasone}} 被用來支持[[早產]]胎兒的胸腔發展。{{RefTag|name=|1=原文：[[地塞米松|Dexamethasone]] and {{tsl|en|Betamethasone||Betamethasone}} in [[早產|premature labor]], to enhance pulmonary maturation of the fetus.}}<ref name=wing>{{cite journal| last1= Wing |first1= DA|last2= Powers |first2= B| last3= Hickok |first3= D |title=U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval: Slow Advances in Obstetric Care in the United States |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d53843| volume=115| issue=4| pages=825–33| year=2010 |pmid=20308845}}</ref> |
* [[地塞米松|Dexamethasone]]是一种人工合成的[[皮質類固醇]]<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal |author=van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, Prasad K |title=Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD004405 |year=2007 |pmid=17253505 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub2 |url=http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004405/frame.html}}</ref>，可用於治療多種症狀，包含[[风湿病学|風濕性疾病]]，某些[[皮膚病]]、嚴重[[過敏]]、[[哮喘]]、[[慢性阻塞性肺病]]、[[義膜性喉炎]]、{{tsl|en|cerebral edema||腦水腫}}，也可能與[[抗細菌藥|抗生素]]合併用於[[結核病]]患者<ref name=AHFS2015/>。對於{{tsl|en|adrenocortical insufficiency||腎上腺皮質機能不全}}的患者須併服具有[[鹽皮質激素]]的藥物，例如{{tsl|en|fludrocortisone|富能錠}}等等<ref name=AHFS2015/> 和 {{tsl|en|Betamethasone||Betamethasone}} 隨後被用來支持[[早產]]胎兒的胸腔發展。{{RefTag|name=|1=原文：[[地塞米松|Dexamethasone]] and {{tsl|en|Betamethasone||Betamethasone}} in [[早產|premature labor]], to enhance pulmonary maturation of the fetus.}}<ref name=wing>{{cite journal| last1= Wing |first1= DA|last2= Powers |first2= B| last3= Hickok |first3= D |title=U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval: Slow Advances in Obstetric Care in the United States |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d53843| volume=115| issue=4| pages=825–33| year=2010 |pmid=20308845}}</ref> |
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* {{tsl|en|Doxepin||Doxepin}} has been used to treat {{tsl|en|angiodema||angiodema}} and severe allergic reactions due to its strong [[抗組織胺藥|antihistamine]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/140/7/957 |title=Doxepin as a potent H2 and H2 antihistamine for epigastric distress |pmid=6859336 | volume=140 |issue=7 |date=July 1983 |journal=Am J Psychiatry |pages=957–8 |last1=Shen| first1= WW| last2= Mahadevan |first2= J| last3= Hofstatter| first3= L| last4= Sata |first4= LS | doi=10.1176/ajp.140.7.957}}</ref> |
* {{tsl|en|Doxepin||Doxepin}} has been used to treat {{tsl|en|angiodema||angiodema}} and severe allergic reactions due to its strong [[抗組織胺藥|antihistamine]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/140/7/957 |title=Doxepin as a potent H2 and H2 antihistamine for epigastric distress |pmid=6859336 | volume=140 |issue=7 |date=July 1983 |journal=Am J Psychiatry |pages=957–8 |last1=Shen| first1= WW| last2= Mahadevan |first2= J| last3= Hofstatter| first3= L| last4= Sata |first4= LS | doi=10.1176/ajp.140.7.957}}</ref> |
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2017年7月10日 (一) 16:54的版本
在醫學中，副作用（英語：side effect）是指藥品往往有多種作用，作用於不同身體部位受體，治療時利用其一種或一部分受體作用，其他作用或是受體產生作用即變成為副作用。雖然副作用一詞常被用來形容 不良反应 (医学)（adverse effects），但事實上副作用也可以指那些「有益處、意料之外」的效果。
有時候，一些藥物的副作用反而成為醫生處方那些藥物的目的；在這種情況下，那些藥物的副作用不再是副作用，反而是藥物的主作用了。 例如：X輻射線/X光（X-rays）一直被用做醫學影像用途，人們原本把它的輻射線對人體產生的效果當成是副作用。但自從人們發現X輻射線/X光能夠用來治療腫瘤後，輻射線被應用為放射線療法（radiotherapy）。在醫學影像領域中被當成副作用的輻射線效果，在癌症治療上反而成了消滅贅生物（tumours）的正作用了。
副作用出現頻率的用語表示法 Frequency of side effects
通常以下列幾個術語來表示副作用出現的機率：[參 1] [1][2]
- 非常常見 （Very common） >= 1/10
- 常見（ Common (frequent)） >= 1/100 & <1/10
- 不常見 （Uncommon (infrequent)） >= 1/1000 & <1/100
- 罕見 （Rare） >= 1/10000 & <1/1000
- 非常罕見 （Very rare） < 1/10000
舉例：有療效的「副作用」 （Examples of therapeutic side effects）
Possible side effects of nicotine.[3]
- Bevacizumab (Avastin), 原本用來減緩血管的生成，後來也被用來治療黃斑部病變（macular degeneration）、 糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy ）和 central retinal vein occlusion引起的黃斑水腫（macular edema）。[4]
- Buprenorphine 曾於 (1982–1995) 被試驗發現對於治療嚴重、頑固性的憂鬱是有療效的。[5][6]
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin), 一種抗憂鬱劑，但後來也被用來治療菸癮。
- Carbamazepine 被核可於治療躁鬱症（bipolar disorder）和 epileptic seizure。但Carbamazepine的副作用對於治療下列症狀也很有效：注意力不足過動症 (ADHD)、思覺失調症（schizophrenia）、幻肢（phantom limb syndrome）、阵发性剧痛症（paroxysmal extreme pain disorder）、neuromyotonia、和 創傷後壓力症候群（post-traumatic stress disorder）。[7]
- Dexamethasone是一种人工合成的皮質類固醇[8][9]，可用於治療多種症狀，包含風濕性疾病，某些皮膚病、嚴重過敏、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、義膜性喉炎、腦水腫，也可能與抗生素合併用於結核病患者[8]。對於腎上腺皮質機能不全的患者須併服具有鹽皮質激素的藥物，例如富能錠等等[8] 和 Betamethasone 隨後被用來支持早產胎兒的胸腔發展。[參 2][10]
- Doxepin has been used to treat angiodema and severe allergic reactions due to its strong antihistamine properties.[11]
 | 本条目近期正在擴充或大幅編修。 若本条目已數日無大修改，請移除本模板。 致添加本模板的編者：如須在短時間內大幅修改，請務必在編輯期間用 {{inuse}}或{{inuse2}}來取代本模板。本条目由It's gonna be awesome（贡献·日志）於6年前最后编辑。 |
- Gabapentin, approved for treatment of seizures and postherpetic neuralgia in adults, has side-effects which are useful in treating bipolar disorder1, essential tremor, hot flashes, migraine prophylaxis, neuropathic pain syndromes, phantom limb syndrome, and restless leg syndrome.[12]
- Hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, is also used as an anxiolytic.[來源請求]
- Magnesium sulfate in obstetrics for premature labor and preeclampsia.[10]
- Methotrexate (MTX), approved for the treatment of choriocarcinoma, is frequently used for the medical treatment of an unruptured ectopic pregnancy.[13]
- The SSRI medication sertraline is approved as an antidepressant but delays conjugal climax in men, and thus may be supplied to those in which climax is premature.[14]
已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。
- Sildenafil was originally intended for pulmonary hypertension; subsequently, it was discovered that it also produces erections, for which it was later marketed.[來源請求]
- Terazosin, an α1-adrenergic antagonist approved to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) and hypertension, is (one of several drugs) used off-label to treat drug induced diaphoresis and hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).[15][16]
Examples of undesirable/unwanted side effects
- Echinacea – more than 20 different types of reactions have been reported, including asthma attacks, loss of pregnancy, hives, swelling, aching muscles and gastrointestinal upsets.[17]
- Feverfew – pregnant women should avoid using this herb, as it can trigger uterine contractions. In animal experiments, the use of feverfew was found to trigger spontaneous abortions (miscarriages).[來源請求]
- Asteraceae plants – which include feverfew, echinacea, dandelion and chamomile. Side effects include allergic dermatitis and hay fever.[來源請求]
相關條目 See also
- Pharmacogenetics: the use of genetic information to determine which type of drugs will work best for a patient
- 不良反應 （adverse effect）
References
- ^ Common and Rare Side Effects for misoprostol oral.
- ^ http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/trainingcourses/definitions.pdf
- ^ Detailed reference list is located on a separate image page.
- ^ Boseley, Sarah. Drugs firm blocks cheap blindness cure. The Guardian (London). 2006-06-17 [2010-05-20].
- ^ Gracer, Richard. The Buprenorphine Effect on Depression (PDF). naabt.org. National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment. February 2007 [19 September 2015].
- ^ Bodkin, JA; Zornberg, GL; Lukas, SE; Cole, JO. Buprenorphine Treatment of Refractory Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995, 15: 49–57. PMID 7714228. doi:10.1097/00004714-199502000-00008.
- ^ Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive). Leeheymd.com (2003-08-01). Retrieved on 2011-08-17.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 引证错误：没有为名为
AHFS2015的参考文献提供内容 - ^ van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, Prasad K. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007, (1): CD004405. PMID 17253505. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub2.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Wing, DA; Powers, B; Hickok, D. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval: Slow Advances in Obstetric Care in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010, 115 (4): 825–33. PMID 20308845. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d53843.
- ^ Shen, WW; Mahadevan, J; Hofstatter, L; Sata, LS. Doxepin as a potent H2 and H2 antihistamine for epigastric distress. Am J Psychiatry. July 1983, 140 (7): 957–8. PMID 6859336. doi:10.1176/ajp.140.7.957.
- ^ Off-label Use of Gabapentin, Idaho Drug Utilization Review, educational leaflet, 2004.
- ^ Pregnancy. drugs.nmihi.com. (New Medical Information and Health Information). （原始内容存档于11 October 2008）.
- ^ Deem, Samuel G. Premature Ejaculation. Emedicine.com. [2011-08-17].
- ^ Gelenberg, Alan J.; et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. 2010.
- ^ Cheshire, William P.; Fealey, Robert D. Drug-induced hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis: incidence, prevention and management (PDF). Drug Safety. 2008, 31 (2): 109–126. ISSN 0114-5916. PMID 18217788.
- ^ Filagra Vs Fildena. Filagra100mg.com. 23 February 2017.
備註
- ^ The probability or chance of experiencing side effects are characterised as :
- ^ 原文：Dexamethasone and Betamethasone in premature labor, to enhance pulmonary maturation of the fetus.
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