重工業:修订间差异

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截至2019年,重工业排放的[[温室气体]]约占全球温室气体总量的的22%,而重工业造成的[[热污染]]约占全球热污染总量的10%。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/10/20904213/climate-change-steel-cement-industrial-heat-hydrogen-ccs|title=This climate problem is bigger than cars and much harder to solve|last=Roberts|first=David|date=2019-10-10|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2019-10-20|archive-date=2019-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010193932/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/10/20904213/climate-change-steel-cement-industrial-heat-hydrogen-ccs|dead-url=no}}</ref>其中钢铁冶炼造成的温室气体排放就占总共的7%至9%,这是因为钢铁冶炼涉及到用煤炭还原氧化铁的过程。<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-12-01|title=Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221133981930036X|journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=26|pages=81–87|doi=10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001|issn=2211-3398|last1=De Ras|first1=Kevin|last2=Van De Vijver|first2=Ruben|last3=Galvita|first3=Vladimir V.|last4=Marin|first4=Guy B.|last5=Van Geem|first5=Kevin M.|s2cid=210619173}}</ref>为了减少温室气体的排放,碳捕捉技术及再利用技术以<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cuéllar-Franca |first1=Rosa M. |last2=Azapagic |first2=Adisa |title=Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts |journal=Journal of CO2 Utilization |date=2015-03-01 |volume=9 |pages=82–102 |doi=10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982014000626?via%3Dihub |accessdate=2022-09-12 |language=en |issn=2212-9820}}</ref>及[[碳捕集与封存]]技术开始受到关注。<ref>{{cite book |title=IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521866439 |accessdate=2022-09-12}}</ref>
截至2019年,重工业排放的[[温室气体]]约占全球温室气体总量的的22%,而重工业造成的[[热污染]]约占全球热污染总量的10%。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/10/20904213/climate-change-steel-cement-industrial-heat-hydrogen-ccs|title=This climate problem is bigger than cars and much harder to solve|last=Roberts|first=David|date=2019-10-10|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2019-10-20|archive-date=2019-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010193932/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/10/20904213/climate-change-steel-cement-industrial-heat-hydrogen-ccs|dead-url=no}}</ref>其中钢铁冶炼造成的温室气体排放就占总共的7%至9%,这是因为钢铁冶炼涉及到用煤炭还原氧化铁的过程。<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-12-01|title=Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221133981930036X|journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=26|pages=81–87|doi=10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001|issn=2211-3398|last1=De Ras|first1=Kevin|last2=Van De Vijver|first2=Ruben|last3=Galvita|first3=Vladimir V.|last4=Marin|first4=Guy B.|last5=Van Geem|first5=Kevin M.|s2cid=210619173}}</ref>为了减少温室气体的排放,碳捕捉技术及再利用技术以<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cuéllar-Franca |first1=Rosa M. |last2=Azapagic |first2=Adisa |title=Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts |journal=Journal of CO2 Utilization |date=2015-03-01 |volume=9 |pages=82–102 |doi=10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982014000626?via%3Dihub |accessdate=2022-09-12 |language=en |issn=2212-9820}}</ref>及[[碳捕集与封存]]技术开始受到关注。<ref>{{cite book |title=IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521866439 |accessdate=2022-09-12}}</ref>
=== 污染问题 ===
=== 污染问题 ===
燃烧煤炭等化石燃料以及将废水排放至自然环境中都会造成污染,从而危机人类及野生动物的生存。<ref name="Causes" />饮用水的污染会直接危害人体健康,而畜牧及灌溉用水的污染可以通过污染农产品从而间接性的对人体健康造成损害。<ref name="Causes">{{cite web |title=Causes, Effects and Solutions to Industrial Pollution on Our Environment - Conserve Energy Future |url=https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-of-industrial-pollution.php |website=www.conserve-energy-future.com |accessdate=2022-09-12 |date=2013-06-13}}</ref>而植物对水污染的耐受力也有限度,一旦超过阈值也同样会死亡。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okereafor |first1=Uchenna |last2=Makhatha |first2=Mamookho |last3=Mekuto |first3=Lukhanyo |last4=Uche-Okereafor |first4=Nkemdinma |last5=Sebola |first5=Tendani |last6=Mavumengwana |first6=Vuyo |date=January 2020 |title=Toxic Metal Implications on Agricultural Soils, Plants, Animals, Aquatic life and Human Health |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2204 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17072204 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7178168 |pmid=32218329|doi-access=free }}</ref>除了水污染之外,[[铅]]、[[铬]]、[[镉]]、[[砷]]等重金属形成的粉尘会对人体造成严重的损害,后两者甚至可以[[致癌物質|致癌]]。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jinhe |last2=Zhang |first2=Xi |last3=Yang |first3=Qing |last4=Zhang |first4=Kai |last5=Zheng |first5=Yue |last6=Zhou |first6=Guanhua |title=Pollution characteristics of atmospheric dustfall and heavy metals in a typical inland heavy industry city in China |journal=Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) |date=2018-09 |volume=71 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.031 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30195686/ |accessdate=2022-09-12 |issn=1001-0742}}</ref>
燃烧煤炭等化石燃料以及将废水排放至自然环境中都会造成污染,从而危机人类及野生动物的生存。<ref name="Causes" />饮用水的污染会直接危害人体健康,而畜牧及灌溉用水的污染可以通过污染农产品从而间接性的对人体健康造成损害。<ref name="Causes">{{cite web |title=Causes, Effects and Solutions to Industrial Pollution on Our Environment - Conserve Energy Future |url=https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-of-industrial-pollution.php |website=www.conserve-energy-future.com |accessdate=2022-09-12 |date=2013-06-13}}</ref>而植物对水污染的耐受力也有限度,一旦超过阈值也同样会死亡。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okereafor |first1=Uchenna |last2=Makhatha |first2=Mamookho |last3=Mekuto |first3=Lukhanyo |last4=Uche-Okereafor |first4=Nkemdinma |last5=Sebola |first5=Tendani |last6=Mavumengwana |first6=Vuyo |date=January 2020 |title=Toxic Metal Implications on Agricultural Soils, Plants, Animals, Aquatic life and Human Health |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2204 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17072204 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7178168 |pmid=32218329|doi-access=free }}</ref>除了水污染之外,[[铅]]、[[铬]]、[[镉]]、[[砷]]等重金属形成的粉尘会对人体造成严重的损害,后两者甚至可以[[致癌物質|致癌]]。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jinhe |last2=Zhang |first2=Xi |last3=Yang |first3=Qing |last4=Zhang |first4=Kai |last5=Zheng |first5=Yue |last6=Zhou |first6=Guanhua |title=Pollution characteristics of atmospheric dustfall and heavy metals in a typical inland heavy industry city in China |journal=Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) |date=2018-09 |volume=71 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.031 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30195686/ |accessdate=2022-09-12 |issn=1001-0742}}</ref>这些重金属还会造成土壤污染,进而导致农作物的污染。<ref>{{cite web |last1=Folk | |first1=Emily |title=The Environmental Impacts of Industrialization {{!}} EcoMENA |url=https://www.ecomena.org/environmental-impacts-of-industrialization/ |accessdate=2022-09-12 |date=2021-04-27}}</ref>由于与成人相比儿童更为脆弱,因此环境污染更容易对他们造成[[心血管疾病]]和[[呼吸系统疾病]],严重时甚至会导致其死亡。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergstra |first1=Arnold D. |last2=Brunekreef |first2=Bert |last3=Burdorf |first3=Alex |title=The effect of industry-related air pollution on lung function and respiratory symptoms in school children |journal=Environmental Health |date=2018-03-27 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=30 |doi=10.1186/s12940-018-0373-2 |url=https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-018-0373-2 |accessdate=2022-09-12 |issn=1476-069X}}</ref>


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==

2022年9月12日 (一) 14:55的版本

新日本製鐵的千葉縣煉鋼廠,日本在二戰後藉朝鲜战争之機大幅復興重工業基礎建設
中國遼寧本溪市中鋼分廠,2016年中國鋼鐵產量達13億噸[1],超過美國、日本、印度、俄國總和,並佔約世界一半的鋼鐵生產量。
荷兰的综合钢铁厂。那两座巨大的塔是高炉。
一个重工业工厂的典型例子。

重工业(英語:Heavy industry,德語:Schwerindustrie),是指一種以產品為評判標準的工業分類,其產品必須比人體大、重,並且包含了那些能為了設備而創造的设备(例如机床、交通運輸),也包括人們生活中的不動產(例如建筑物、基础设施等),其定義至今沒有一個統一標準。

一般來說,對重工业的先前投資、资本密集度遠遠高于轻工业,但其匯報率卻低於輕工業,所以世界上的重工業公司基本都會由國家和大企業去補貼,方可承擔其破產的風險,順便延長其商业周期。以现代來說,造船(因为钢铁取代了木材)被认为是重工业,由不同理論組合而成的系統是重工业的重要特征,例如二战后摩天大楼水坝的,以及21世纪大型航天火箭和飛機涡轮机[2]

重工業起始於19世紀,以美、德、英、法為主,現今世界的日本和中國也很擅長,在工业时代,运输和建筑以及它们的上游制造业供应业务一直是重工业的主要部分,但除了粗糙的舊印象之外,重工業的精緻度也可以很高,例如一些资本密集型制造业(例如無人空拍飛機的發動機、超高複雜度的數位機床等)。因為19世纪中期到20世纪早期中歐洲列強發生過多場戰爭,最著名的重工業例子就是軍火工業,包括炼钢、火炮生产、机车制造、机床制造和重型采矿。从19世纪末到20世纪中期,随着化学工业电子工业的发展,重工业和轻工业的定義,有寫產品可大可小,很快,在汽车工业飞机工业的領域也出现了同样的情况,這重工業、輕工業混合的產生模式用複合工業一詞去代替形容。

作为经济战略的一部分

许多东亚国家依赖重工业作为其整体经济的关键部分。这种对重工业的依赖通常是政府经济政策的问题。在名字上有“重工业”的日本韩国公司中,许多同时也是航空航天产品制造商和国防承包商,为各自国家的政府服务,比如日本的富士重工和韩国的现代Rotem,后者是现代重工大宇集团的联合项目。[3]

在20世纪的第二世界国家,经济发展往往专注于重工业而忽视轻工业,从而造成“枪多黄油少”恶果。[4]当然外部的威胁其实也是造成这样一种决策的直接原因。例如苏联在20世纪30年代进行疯狂的工业化,以重工业为发展重点,试图将其生产卡车、坦克、大炮、飞机和军舰的能力提高,使苏联成为一个工业强国,但是却造成了乌克兰大饥荒。

区划问题

在地方区划法中,重工业有时也是一个特殊的名称。这使得那些对环境、基础设施和就业有重大影响的产业可以经过深思熟虑选址。例如,垃圾填埋场的分区限制通常会考虑到重型卡车的交通,这将对通往垃圾填埋场的道路造成昂贵的磨损。[5]

环境影响

温室气体排放

截至2019年,重工业排放的温室气体约占全球温室气体总量的的22%,而重工业造成的热污染约占全球热污染总量的10%。[6]其中钢铁冶炼造成的温室气体排放就占总共的7%至9%,这是因为钢铁冶炼涉及到用煤炭还原氧化铁的过程。[7]为了减少温室气体的排放,碳捕捉技术及再利用技术以[8]碳捕集与封存技术开始受到关注。[9]

污染问题

燃烧煤炭等化石燃料以及将废水排放至自然环境中都会造成污染,从而危机人类及野生动物的生存。[10]饮用水的污染会直接危害人体健康,而畜牧及灌溉用水的污染可以通过污染农产品从而间接性的对人体健康造成损害。[10]而植物对水污染的耐受力也有限度,一旦超过阈值也同样会死亡。[11]除了水污染之外,等重金属形成的粉尘会对人体造成严重的损害,后两者甚至可以致癌[12]这些重金属还会造成土壤污染,进而导致农作物的污染。[13]由于与成人相比儿童更为脆弱,因此环境污染更容易对他们造成心血管疾病呼吸系统疾病,严重时甚至会导致其死亡。[14]

参见

外部链接

参考资料

  1. ^ 上海衛視-鋼鐵過剩. [2016-02-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-16). 
  2. ^ Teubal, Morris. Heavy and Light Industry in Economic Development. The American Economic Review. 1973, 63 (4): 588–596. ISSN 0002-8282. 
  3. ^ Wade, Robert. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization With a New introduction by the author. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2003-11-30. ISBN 978-0-691-11729-4. 
  4. ^ Birman, Igor. The imbalance of the Soviet economy. Soviet Studies. 1988-04-01, 40 (2): 210–221. ISSN 0038-5859. doi:10.1080/09668138808411750. 
  5. ^ Committee, British Association Glossary. Some Definitions in the Vocabulary of Geography, IV. The Geographical Journal. 1952, 118 (3): 345–346. ISSN 0016-7398. doi:10.2307/1790321. 
  6. ^ Roberts, David. This climate problem is bigger than cars and much harder to solve. Vox. 2019-10-10 [2019-10-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-10) (英语). 
  7. ^ De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 2019-12-01, 26: 81–87. ISSN 2211-3398. S2CID 210619173. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001 (英语). 
  8. ^ Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2015-03-01, 9: 82–102 [2022-09-12]. ISSN 2212-9820. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001 (英语). 
  9. ^ IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ISBN 9780521866439. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Causes, Effects and Solutions to Industrial Pollution on Our Environment - Conserve Energy Future. www.conserve-energy-future.com. 2013-06-13 [2022-09-12]. 
  11. ^ Okereafor, Uchenna; Makhatha, Mamookho; Mekuto, Lukhanyo; Uche-Okereafor, Nkemdinma; Sebola, Tendani; Mavumengwana, Vuyo. Toxic Metal Implications on Agricultural Soils, Plants, Animals, Aquatic life and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. January 2020, 17 (7): 2204. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7178168可免费查阅. PMID 32218329. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072204可免费查阅 (英语). 
  12. ^ Wang, Jinhe; Zhang, Xi; Yang, Qing; Zhang, Kai; Zheng, Yue; Zhou, Guanhua. Pollution characteristics of atmospheric dustfall and heavy metals in a typical inland heavy industry city in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China). 2018-09, 71: 283–291 [2022-09-12]. ISSN 1001-0742. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.031. 
  13. ^ Folk, Emily. The Environmental Impacts of Industrialization | EcoMENA. 2021-04-27 [2022-09-12]. 
  14. ^ Bergstra, Arnold D.; Brunekreef, Bert; Burdorf, Alex. The effect of industry-related air pollution on lung function and respiratory symptoms in school children. Environmental Health. 2018-03-27, 17 (1): 30 [2022-09-12]. ISSN 1476-069X. doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0373-2.