K型主序星
橙矮星,也稱橙色主序星,即K型主序星(KV),是主序帶(以氫為燃料)上光譜類型為K、亮度分類為V的恆星。這些恆星的大小介於M型主序星和G型主序星之間,質量是太陽質量的0.5至0.9倍,表面溫度在3,900至5,300K。[1]K型主序星在宇宙中的占比约16%—18%左右。[2]
這種恆星是部分学者在尋找在地球之外的生命時最感興趣的,因為它們停留在主序星阶段上穩定的時間很長(多数为150億至300億年左右,某些K/M边界处且高金属丰度的恒星甚至最高能达到略多于700亿年[3][4][5],相比较之下太陽只有约105億年且常简化为100亿年[6]),使環繞其運行的類地行星有更充足的機會產生具備適居性的環境[7]。但21世纪的新研究表明,紫外辐射是一把双刃剑,过强会破坏生态系统,过弱则不能驱动复杂有机物等的产生与演化[8][9],只有0.8倍太阳质量至1.8倍太阳质量的恒星的紫外宜居带和可见光宜居带能够重合[10](考虑恒星自转快使得辐射向恒星两极集中而减轻恒星赤道面的辐射,则可以上延至太阳质量的2.2倍,但对天生紫外辐射驱动不足的恒星则无用[11])。
大多数K型主序星的质量不到太阳质量的0.8倍。且K型主序星的恒星风对宜居带的破坏也比F型主序星和G型主序星要严重[12][13][14][15]。尤其是靠近K/M边界的K型主序星,虽然其寿命大多已经超过500亿年,但是其不仅有紫外辐射驱动过少、宜居带的恒星风过于严重的问题,而且其耀斑活动的剧烈程度也开始接近于红矮星的水平[16][17][4][5],以及极易引发对宜居带行星的潮汐锁定[15],环境不容乐观。仅一些特定情况的K型主序星,依靠适度的耀斑活动等方式额外增加紫外线辐射因素,使得紫外光宜居带外延至与可见光宜居带有所相交(理论上红矮星也可以依靠耀斑活动来外延紫外宜居带,只是耀斑过重则适得其反),或许可以提高孕育生命的可能性。[10][8]
此種恆星的例子有半人馬座α星B、印第安座 ε[18]、奎宿增三、HD 13445、牛宿增十、天苑四。
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), G. M. H. J. Habets and J. R. W. Heintze, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement 46 (November 1981), pp. 193–237.
- ^ Ledrew, Glenn. The Real Starry Sky. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. February 2001, 95: 32. Bibcode:2001JRASC..95...32L.
- ^ K-type star
- ^ 4.0 4.1 I,Baraffe,G,et al.Evolutionary models for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs: Uncertainties and limits at very young ages[J].Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2002.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Kippenhahn R , Weigert A .Stellar Structure and Evolution[J].北京大学出版社, 2013.DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-30304-3.
- ^ Aumer M , Binney J J .Kinematics and history of the solar neighbourhood revisited[J].Oxford University Press, 2009(3).DOI:10.1111/J.1365-2966.2009.15053.X.
- ^ Orange stars are just right for life (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), retrieved on May 6, 2009.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Oishi M , Kamaya H .A SIMPLE EVOLUTIONAL MODEL OF THE UV HABITABLE ZONE AND THE POSSIBILITY OF PERSISTENT LIFE EXISTENCE: THE EFFECTS OF MASS AND METALLICITY[J].Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 833(2):293.DOI:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/293.
- ^ Sparrman, V. (2022). Post-Main Sequence Habitability for Outer Solar System Moons (Dissertation). Retrieved from https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-477353
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Guo J , Zhang F , Zhang X ,et al.Habitable Zones and UV Habitable Zones around Host Stars[J].Astrophysics & Space Science, 2010, 325(1):25.DOI:10.1007/s10509-009-0173-9.
- ^ Ahlers J P , Fromont E F , Kopparappu R ,et al.The Habitable Zones of Rapidly Rotating Main Sequence A/F Stars[J].The Astrophysical Journal, 2022, 928(1):35 (9pp).DOI:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5596.
- ^ Wood B E , Mueller H R , Zank G P ,et al.Measured Mass Loss Rates of Solar-like Stars as a Function of Age and Activity[J].The Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 574(1):412-425.DOI:10.1086/340797.
- ^ Johnstone C P , Bartel M ,M. Güdel.The active lives of stars: A complete description of the rotation and XUV evolution of F, G, K, and M dwarfs[J].Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2021.DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202038407.
- ^ Wood B E .Implications of Recent Stellar Wind Measurements[J].Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2018, 1100.DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1100/1/012028.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Kopparapu R K , Ramirez R , Kasting J F ,et al.HABITABLE ZONES AROUND MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS: NEW ESTIMATES (vol 765, pg 131, 2013)[J].The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 770(1):82.DOI:10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/82.
- ^ James C , Wheatland M S , Kai Y .Superflare rate variability on M dwarfs[J].Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2024(1):1.DOI:10.1093/mnras/stae818.
- ^ Chen H , Zhan Z , Youngblood A ,et al.Persistence of Flare-Driven Atmospheric Chemistry on Rocky Habitable Zone Worlds[J]. 2021.DOI:10.1038/s41550-020-01264-1.
- ^ SIMBAD, entries for Alpha Centauri B (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) and Epsilon Indi (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed on line June 19, 2007.
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