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分枝杆菌属

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分枝杆菌属
結核分枝桿菌
科学分类 编辑
域: 细菌域 Bacteria
门: 放線菌門 Actinomycetota
纲: 放線菌綱 Actinomycetes
目: 分枝桿菌目 Mycobacteriales
科: 分枝杆菌科 Mycobacteriaceae
属: 分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium
Lehmann & Neumann 1896
模式種
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896

分枝杆菌屬(学名:Mycobacterium)為放线菌门的一屬细菌,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。为形状不规则的革兰氏阳性杆菌,不能游动,通常抗酸,无气生菌丝和孢子。

该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳類动物中造成严重疾病的病原菌,包括结核杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis)和麻风杆菌Mycobacterium leprae[1]

希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」,意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面,形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]

2018年,基于全基因组测序的数据,对分枝杆菌属进一步进行修订,并拆分出4个新的菌属,即MycolicibacillusMycolicibacterMycobacteroidesMycolicibacterium[3]

微生物特徵

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微生物細胞壁
1. 外層脂質
2. mycolic acid英语mycolic acid
3. 多醣arabinogalactan英语arabinogalactan
4. 肽聚糖
5. 細胞膜
6. lipoarabinomannan英语lipoarabinomannan(LAM)
7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside英语phosphatidylinositol mannoside
8. 細胞壁骨架

本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌除外,其可以在巨噬細胞內運動),為一種抗酸型細菌英语Acid-fast[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成内孢子莢膜,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。

雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌Mycobacterium marinum)和牛分枝桿菌(M. bovis[4]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[5]

分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸英语mycolic acids(mycolic acids)。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[6]

物種

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Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/[永久失效連結]) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.

表型测试可用于识别和区分不同的分枝杆菌物种和菌株。在以前的系统中,分枝杆菌根据它们的外观和生长速度进行分组的。然而,这些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,并且最近的分类基于支序分类学(cladistics)进行的。

慢速生長菌

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结核分枝杆菌复合群[7]Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)

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鸟分枝杆菌复合群[7][8]Mycobacterium avium complex)

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戈登分枝杆菌支序群[10]Mycobacterium gordonae clade)

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堪薩斯分支桿菌支序群 (Mycobacterium kansasii clade)

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无色分枝杆菌/土分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade

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Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria

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猴分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium simiae clade

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未分群

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生長速率中等

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快速生長菌

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龟分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium chelonae clade

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偶然分枝杆菌群 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade

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Mycobacterium parafortuitum 支序群

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Mycobacterium vaccae 支序群

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CF

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未分群

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未分群

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分枝桿菌噬菌體

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分枝杆菌可以被分枝杆菌噬菌体所感染,这种细菌病毒将来可能用于通过噬菌体疗法治疗结核病和相关疾病。

參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. 
  2. ^ James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.
  3. ^ Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
  4. ^ Ghosh, Jaydip; Larsson, Pontus; Singh, Bhupender; Pettersson, B. M. Fredrik; Islam, Nurul M.; Sarkar, Sailendra Nath; Dasgupta, Santanu; Kirsebom, Leif A. Sporulation in mycobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009-06-30, 106 (26). ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2705590可免费查阅. PMID 19541637. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904104106 (英语). 
  5. ^ Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
  6. ^ Bhamidi S. Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 术语在线—权威的术语知识服务平台. www.termonline.cn. [2022-08-02]. 
  8. ^ 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2022-08-02]. 
  9. ^ Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 编. Comparative Analyses of Nonpathogenic, Opportunistic, and Totally Pathogenic Mycobacteria Reveal Genomic and Biochemical Variabilities and Highlight the Survival Attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02]. ISSN 2161-2129. PMC 4222108可免费查阅. PMID 25370496. doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14. (原始内容存档于2022-06-25) (英语). 
  10. ^ clade - 支序群;分支群;分支. [2021-04-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-21). 
  11. ^ Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
  12. ^ Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.

延伸閱讀

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外部連結

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template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases英语template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases template:Mycobacteria英语template:Mycobacteria