拉脫維亞語正寫法
拉脫維亞語正寫法（Latvian orthography）是拉脫維亞語基於德語音位正寫法的正寫法系統；不過拉特加利亞方言（Latgalian）卻是使用波蘭語正寫法的原則編寫。當今的拉脫維亞語正寫法是由里加拉脫維亞協會知識委員會於1908年所發展出的，並於同年在卡爾利斯·米倫巴赫斯與亞尼斯·恩澤林斯的領導下由正寫法委員會批准。[1]拉脫維亞語正寫法的基礎是植基於拉丁文字，並於1920年至1922年在拉脫維亞共和國通過法律核准之下引入。在大多數情況下，拉脫維亞語正寫法是語音結構性的正寫法，也因此拉脫維亞語正寫法是遵循語言的語音架構之下進行之。
拉脫維亞語字母
[编辑]到目前拉脫維亞語標準字母有由33個字母。
| 大寫字形（亦稱爲大寫或大寫字母） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | Ā | B | C | Č | D | E | Ē | F | G | Ģ | H | I | Ī | J | K | Ķ | L | Ļ | M | N | Ņ | O | P | R | S | Š | T | U | Ū | V | Z | Ž |
| 小寫字形（亦稱爲小寫或小寫字母） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | ā | b | c | č | d | e | ē | f | g | ģ | h | i | ī | j | k | ķ | l | ļ | m | n | ņ | o | p | r | s | š | t | u | ū | v | z | ž |
| 字母名稱讀法 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | garais ā | bē | cē | čē | dē | e | garais ē | ef | gā | ģē | hā | i | garais ī | jē | kā | ķē | el | eļ | em | en | eņ | o | pē | er | es | eš | tē | u | garais ū | vē | zē | žē |
語音對應表
[编辑]元音
[编辑]| 字形 | IPA | 英文近似語音及説明 |
|---|---|---|
| a | [ɑ] | like father, but shorter |
| ā | [ɑː] | car |
| e | [e] | elephant |
| [æ] | map | |
| ē | [eː] | similar to play |
| [æː] | like bad, but longer | |
| i | [i] | Between it and eat |
| ī | [iː] | each |
| o | [uɔ̯̯] | tour (some dialects) |
| [o] | not (some dialects) | |
| [oː] | though; boat | |
| u | [u] | between look and Luke |
| ū | [uː] | you |
輔音
[编辑]| 字形 | IPA | 英文近似語音及説明 |
|---|---|---|
| b | [b] | brother |
| c | [t̪͡s̪] | like cats, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| č | [t͡ʃ] | chair |
| d | [d̪] | like door, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| dz | [d̪͡z̪] | like lids, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| dž | [d͡ʒ] | jog |
| f | [f] | finger |
| g | [ɡ] | gap |
| ģ | [ɟ] | between duty (without yod-dropping) and argue |
| h | [x] | loch (Scottish English) |
| j | [j] | yawn |
| k | [k] | cat |
| ķ | [c] | similar to skew |
| l | [l] | lamp |
| ļ | [ʎ] | similar to William |
| m | [m] | male |
| n | [n̪], [ŋ] | like nail, with the tongue touching the teeth, or sing |
| ņ | [ɲ] | jalapeño |
| p | [p] | peace |
| r | [r], [rʲ] | rolled r, like Spanish perro or Scottish English curd |
| s | [s̪] | like sock, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| š | [ʃ] | shadow |
| t | [t̪] | like table, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| v | [v] | vacuum |
| z | [z̪] | like zebra, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| ž | [ʒ] | vision |
舊正寫法
[编辑]
舊式的拉脫維亞語拼寫法是植基於德語的拼寫法，但是不能完全表示拉脫維亞語的音位。
電腦編碼
[编辑]- ā, ē, ī, ū - aa, ee, ii, uu
- ļ, ņ, ģ, ķ - lj, nj, gj, kj
- š - sh (同於 ss, sj, 等等)
鍵盤配置
[编辑]
註釋
[编辑]- ^ Vēsture. Latvian Language Agency. [18 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-11） （拉脱维亚语）.
