白兀鹫
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白兀鹫![]() | |
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成年的 N. p. ginginianus 亚种 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 鸟纲 Aves |
目: | 鹰形目 Accipitriformes |
科: | 鹰科 Accipitridae |
属: | 白兀鹫属 Neophron Savigny, 1809 |
种: | 白兀鹫 N. percnopterus
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二名法 | |
Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758)
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白兀鹫的分布地 |
白兀鹫(学名:Neophron percnopterus),又名埃及秃鹫,是一种稀少的秃鹫。它们分布在欧洲西南部及非洲北部至南亚。它们的翼底呈黑白色,尾巴呈楔状。它们有时会用石头敲破鸟蛋,是少数懂得使用工具的鸟类之一。在温带繁殖的群落会向南迁徙过冬,而在热带的多是留鸟。它们的数量于20世纪有所下降,而在岛屿中的群落则特别濒危。
特征
[编辑]白兀鹫的羽毛是白色的,飞羽黑色。它们的身体有时有些泥色是与其习性有关。喙幼长,上颔端有钩。鼻孔很长。颈部羽毛很长,双翼很尖,当中以第三主羽最长。尾巴呈楔状。爪子直而且长,第三及第四趾有小蹼。指名亚种的喙是黑色的,而印度亚种N. p. ginginianus的则较为淡色或黄色,但这种变化仍需更多证据支持。[2]面部皮肤是黄色的。[3]雏鸟是黑色或深褐色的,有黑白色的斑。[3]成年的白兀鹫全长85厘米,翼展1.7米。它们重约2公斤,但N. p. majorensis则平均重2.4公斤。[4]
分类
[编辑]白兀鹫属只有白兀鹫一个物种。此属相信是最古老的秃鹫分支之一,现存的最近亲是胡兀鹫。[5][6]有些学者更建议将它们分类到新的胡兀鹫亚科之中。[7]现时广泛接受的有三个白兀鹫的亚种,但它们之间却有很多混种。[8]俾路支地区及喜玛拉雅山西北部的N. p. rubripersonatus并未获得确认。[2][9]
- N. p. percnopterus:指名亚种,其分布最广,包括南欧、北非、中东、中亚及印度次大陆。它们在温带地区繁殖,并会向南过冬。
- N. p. ginginianus:体型最细小的亚种,喙呈淡色。它们分布在印度次大陆的大部分地区。其名是衍生自印度南部的京吉(Gingee)。[10]
- N. p. majorensis:体型最大的亚种。它们分布在加那利群岛,群落数量最少及最受限制。于2002年才确立为一个亚种,它们的基因较为接近N. p. percnopterus,而疏于N. p. ginginianus。它们不是候鸟。其名字是衍生自富埃特文图拉岛的古代名字。[11][12]
白兀鹫属的属名是取自希腊神话的涅俄佛隆(Neophron)。涅俄佛隆是Timandra的儿子,而Timandra则是Aegypius的情妇。涅俄佛隆将Aegypius的母亲幻化成Timandra,欺骗他与其母同寝。他母亲醒来后欲夺走他的眼睛,但宙斯却将涅俄佛斯及Aegypius变成秃鹫。[13]种小名则是指其黑色的双翼。[14]
分布
[编辑]白兀鹫广泛分布在南欧、北非、西亚及南亚。它们主要栖息在干旱平原。它们有时也会流浪到斯里兰卡[3]、欧洲北部及南非。[15]欧洲群落会向南迁徙3500-5500公里到达非洲,有时单日的旅程长达500公里。在法国曾有一只白兀鹫出生第三天就已经向南迁徙。[16][17]意大利的群落会横跨马雷蒂莫(Marettimo)及潘泰莱里亚,经西西里岛到达突尼斯。[18]
行为及生态
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Egyptian_vulture_in_flight.jpg/220px-Egyptian_vulture_in_flight.jpg)
白兀鹫经常会随热流上升。它们吃多种食物,包括哺乳动物的粪便(尤其是人类[19])、昆虫、尸体、植物及细小的猎物。[20]研究显示它们吃哺乳动物的粪便可以帮助它们摄取类胡萝卜素色素,令其面部皮肤呈鲜黄及橙色。[21]它们一般较为寂静,但若受到骚扰则会发出高音的叫声。[2]
白兀鹫是群居的[22],鸟巢会不断再用。它们很多时都是单独或成对的行动。它们是一夫一妻制的,夫妻的关系可以维持多于一个繁殖季节。成年雄鹫在雌鹫生蛋前后很多时都会留在其身边。[23]它们会在峭壁、建筑物及树上筑巢。[2]N. p. ginginianus及N. p. majorensis也会在地上筑巢。[24][25][26]印度群落的繁殖季节是于2月至4月。双亲都会孵蛋,孵化期为42天。[3]3-5天后就会孵化第二只雏鹫,但时间越长,其生存率就越低。[27]在鸟巢紧迫的地方,雏鹫有时会走到其他鸟巢寻找食物。[28]西班牙群落的幼鹫会在90-110天大时换羽及离开鸟巢。[29]幼鹫离开鸟巢后会到远达500公里以外的地方。[30][31]到了4-5岁大时,它们就会拥有成鸟的羽毛。饲养的白兀鹫寿命可达37岁。[32]
成年白兀鹫并没有很多天敌,但很多时却死于电缆、污染及中毒。幼鹫会被金雕、雕鸮及赤狐掠食。从峭壁上掉下的白兀鹫也会被胡狼所捡走。[33]
指名亚种是懂得使用工具的。它们会用喙将大卵石掷向大蛋,将其敲碎。[34]不过在N. p. ginginianus中却看不见这种行为。[2]研究发现这种行为并非学习得来的,而是天生的。[35]保加利亚群落也有使用树枝来卷起羊毛,用以制作鸟巢。[36]
保育状况
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Neophron_percnopterus_-_01.jpg/220px-Neophron_percnopterus_-_01.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neophron_percnopterus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.79.1.jpg/220px-Neophron_percnopterus_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.79.1.jpg)
白兀鹫在大部分分布地中都正经历严重的衰落。在欧洲及中东大部分地区,其数量只有20年前的一半;在印度及非洲西南部,它们的数量也大幅减少。于1967年至1970年,在德里附近地区就估计只有12000-15000只白兀鹫,平均密度为每10平方公里约有5对。[37][38]引起衰落的原因不明,但却与使用非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸钠有关。[39]在南欧,它们的衰落也与铅中毒、使用杀虫剂和触电有关。[4][40]西班牙的研究发现吸收抗生素会抑制它们的免疫系统,造成较易的感染。[41]
加那利群岛群落与欧洲及非洲的群落分隔了一段颇长时间,而且大幅下降。它们以往广布在戈梅拉岛、特内里费岛、大加那利岛、富埃特文图拉岛及兰萨罗特岛,但现已只限于富埃特文图拉岛、兰萨罗特岛和两个最东的岛屿。它们的数量于2000年估计约有130只,共25-30繁殖对。[4][42]这些岛屿群落特别容易受到感染。[43]在吃腐肉的时候,它们积聚了大量的铅,令其骨头矿物化。[44]现时有措施提供安全及没有污染的食物,不过缺点是会吸引其他掠食性动物,增加对雏鹫的危害。[45]
2012年4月2日在新疆喀什乌恰县发现了一只白兀鹫,这是该鸟在中国分布的新记录。[46]
参考
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外部链接
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