CD19
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B淋巴细胞抗原CD19(B-lymphocyte antigen CD19),也称为CD19分子(Cluster of Differentiation 19),B淋巴细胞表面抗原B4、T细胞表面抗原Leu-12和CVID3是一种跨膜蛋白,在人体中由基因CD19编码[5][6],该蛋白存在于人体中所有B谱系细胞的表面[7][8],包含浆细胞确实表达CD19。[9][10] CD19在人类B细胞中起著两个主要作用:一方面,它可以做为信号转导接头蛋白,接收细胞质内的信号转导分子;另一方面,它在CD19/CD21复合体内工作,降低B细胞受体信号通路的阈值。由于其在所有B细胞上的存在,它是B淋巴细胞发育、淋巴瘤诊断的生物标记,并且可以作为白血病免疫治疗的靶点[8]。
结构
[编辑]在人类体内,CD19蛋白翻译自“CD19”基因。该基因位于第16号染色体短臂上,长约7.41kb[11][12]。该基因包含至少15个外显子,其中4个外显子翻译为该蛋白的胞外结构,9个外显子翻译为细胞质结构,总共包含556个氨基酸[12]。实验显示存在多种mRNA转录物,但只有其中两个在体内发现[11]。
CD19是一种95 kDa 免疫球蛋白超家族中的I型跨膜糖蛋白(IgSF),具有两个细胞外C2型Ig样结构域,和一条存在于细胞质部分的多肽尾端。该肽链由240个氨基酸所构成,相对胞外结构域较大,在哺乳动物物种演化中高度保守[11][13][14]。细胞外C2型Ig样结构域由一个潜在的二硫键非Ig样结构域和N-链糖基化位点分隔。[14][15] 细胞质尾部含有至少9个酪氨酸残基,接近C端[11][14] 在这些残基中,Y391、Y482和Y513对CD19的生物功能至关重要。[16]。Y482和Y513位点的苯丙氨酸替代导致其他酪氨酸的磷酸化受阻[11][17]。
表达
[编辑]CD19存在于自原始B细胞(Progenitor B cell)后期以后的各阶段,包括浆细胞。当造血干细胞开始往在B细胞谱系开始发育时,其免疫球蛋白(Ig)基因会开始进行基因重组,同时细胞表面开始出现CD19的表面标记[8]。在发育过程中,CD19的表面密度受到高度调控[11],成熟B细胞的CD19表达量会增加为未成熟B细胞的三倍[11],但到发育为将细胞后又会逐渐下降[18]。B细胞谱系的恶性肿瘤也会有CD19的表达[7][17],也因为CD19广泛存在于大多数的B细胞,因此可以作为B细胞的表面标记,也是B细胞恶性肿瘤的治疗标靶[8][11]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000177455 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030724 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Entrez Gene: CD19 CD19 molecule.
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- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Wang K, Wei G, Liu D. CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Experimental Hematology & Oncology. November 2012, 1 (1): 36. PMC 3520838 . PMID 23210908. doi:10.1186/2162-3619-1-36 .
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- ^ Mei HE, Schmidt S, Dörner T. Rationale of anti-CD19 immunotherapy: an option to target autoreactive plasma cells in autoimmunity. Arthritis Research & Therapy. November 2012,. 14 Suppl 5 (Suppl 5): S1. PMC 3535716 . PMID 23281743. doi:10.1186/ar3909 .
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- ^ Tedder TF. CD19: a promising B cell target for rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews. Rheumatology. October 2009, 5 (10): 572–577. PMID 19798033. S2CID 6143992. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2009.184.
- ^ Del Nagro CJ, Otero DC, Anzelon AN, Omori SA, Kolla RV, Rickert RC. CD19 function in central and peripheral B-cell development. Immunologic Research. 2005, 31 (2): 119–131. PMID 15778510. S2CID 45145420. doi:10.1385/IR:31:2:119.
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- ^ Fusconi, Massimo; Gallo, Andrea; De Virgilio, Armando; Natalizi, Stefania; Greco, Antonio; Zambetti, Giampietro; de Vincentiis, Marco. B Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with Rhinoscleroma. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2011-05, 144 (5). ISSN 0194-5998. doi:10.1177/0194599810396134 (英语).
外部链接
[编辑]- Mouse CD Antigen Chart (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Human CD Antigen Chart (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Human CD19 genome location and CD19 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Goldsby, Richard A.; Kindt, Thomas J.; Osborne, Barbara A. Kuby Immunology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7167-8590-3.
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- Zhou LJ, Ord DC, Omori SA, Tedder TF. Structure of the genes encoding the CD19 antigen of human and mouse B lymphocytes. Immunogenetics. 1992, 35 (2): 102–111. PMID 1370948. S2CID 7182703. doi:10.1007/BF00189519.
- Carter RH, Fearon DT. CD19: lowering the threshold for antigen receptor stimulation of B lymphocytes. Science. April 1992, 256 (5053): 105–107. Bibcode:1992Sci...256..105C. PMID 1373518. doi:10.1126/science.1373518.
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- Zhou LJ, Ord DC, Hughes AL, Tedder TF. Structure and domain organization of the CD19 antigen of human, mouse, and guinea pig B lymphocytes. Conservation of the extensive cytoplasmic domain. Journal of Immunology. August 1991, 147 (4): 1424–1432. PMID 1714482. S2CID 1167309. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.147.4.1424 .
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