仙人掌屬
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仙人掌屬![]() | |
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海濱仙人掌(Opuntia littoralis var. vaseyi) | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
目: | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
科: | 仙人掌科 Cactaceae |
亞科: | 圓扇仙人掌亞科 Opuntioideae |
屬: | 仙人掌屬 Opuntia Mill., 1754 |
種 | |
參見正文 | |
異名 | |
參見正文 |
仙人掌屬(學名:Opuntia),目前分類只包括約200種。[1]圓柱狀仙人掌被單獨分為一個圓柱仙人掌屬(Cylindropuntiais),其他圓筒狀仙人掌如以前分在Austrocylindropuntia屬、Corynopuntia屬和Micropuntia中的種類都包括在本屬中。
仙人掌屬植物一般具有扁平的綠色葉狀莖,來完成光合作用,葉退化成刺,有兩種,一種大刺和另一種小刺毛,果實為漿果,可以食用,作為水果,許多種類的葉狀莖也可以作為蔬菜食用。仙人掌屬植物多數生長在美洲,只有少數品種生長在其他熱帶地區。
名稱
[編輯]學名 Opuntia,來自希臘語的通用名稱 Ὀποῦς(Opoûs),指生長在希臘奧普斯城周圍的一些植物。[2]
描述
[編輯]典型物種
[編輯]模式種為梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica),其有可食用的果實,仙人掌果或叫刺梨,在墨西哥、瓜地馬拉、宏都拉斯、薩爾瓦多、智利、阿根廷、秘魯、西西里島、義大利南部、加那利群島、安達盧西亞、埃斯特雷馬杜拉、卡斯蒂利亞南部和西班牙萊萬特,用其水果製成果汁、糖果甚至啤酒等產品。它也存在於北非大部分地區和撒哈拉沙漠的野外,儘管它的受歡迎程度和使用情況不同,在某些地區甚至不存在。
分類
[編輯]當卡爾·林奈於1753年出版《植物種志》(現代植物命名法的起點)時,他將他已知的所有仙人掌物種歸為一個屬 Cactus。1754年,蘇格蘭植物學家菲利普·米勒將它們分為幾個屬,其中包括 Opuntia,他主要根據其花和果實的形態來區分屬。[3]
仙人掌屬 Opuntia 內的物種經常會有相當大的變化。當分類學家從單個標本中描述新物種導致為物種內的變體或生物型創建名稱時,分類學混亂就開始了。這個問題在 Opuntia 中尤為明顯,現在正在應用DNA測序來解決這個問題。[4]
主要物種
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jumping_Cholla-JRO.jpg/220px-Jumping_Cholla-JRO.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Opuntia_basilaris_8.jpg/220px-Opuntia_basilaris_8.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Starr_031108-0182_Opuntia_cochenillifera.jpg/220px-Starr_031108-0182_Opuntia_cochenillifera.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Opuntia_diploursina_Lake_Mead.jpg/220px-Opuntia_diploursina_Lake_Mead.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Opuntia_macrocentra_-_Black-spined-Prickly-Pear_%284486665887%29.jpg/220px-Opuntia_macrocentra_-_Black-spined-Prickly-Pear_%284486665887%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prickly_pear_at_Sugarloaf_Hill%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Prickly_pear_at_Sugarloaf_Hill%2C_NY.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Opuntia_riviereana_1.jpg/220px-Opuntia_riviereana_1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Opuntia_oricola_1.jpg/220px-Opuntia_oricola_1.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Opuntia_pinkavae_ies.jpg/220px-Opuntia_pinkavae_ies.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Opuntia_ovata_2.jpg/220px-Opuntia_ovata_2.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Opuntia_polyacantha_ies.jpg/220px-Opuntia_polyacantha_ies.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Opuntia_robusta1GEHU.jpg/220px-Opuntia_robusta1GEHU.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Opuntia_fragilis.jpg/220px-Opuntia_fragilis.jpg)
- Opuntia abjecta Small ex Britton & Rose, 1923[5]
- Opuntia aciculata — Chenille prickly pear, old man's whiskers, cowboy's red whiskers
- Opuntia alta
- Opuntia ammophila
- Opuntia anacantha
- Opuntia anahuacensis
- Opuntia arenaria — dune prickly pear;
- Opuntia articulata
- Opuntia atrispina
- Opuntia auberi
- Opuntia aurantiaca
- Opuntia aurea
- Opuntia aureispina
- Opuntia austrina Small, 1903[5]
- Opuntia azurea
- Opuntia basilaris — beavertail cactus;
- Opuntia bentonii
- Opuntia blakeana
- Opuntia boldinghii
- Opuntia cacanapa - including Opuntia ellisiana (Ellisiana)
- Opuntia camanchica - plains prickly pear
- Opuntia canada
- Opuntia cespitosa Rafinesque, 1830[5]
- Opuntia charlestonensis
- Opuntia chaffeyi
- Opuntia chlorotica — pancake prickly pear; native to southwest USA and the Sonoran and Mojave deserts;
- Opuntia chisosensis
- Opuntia clavata
- 胭脂掌 Opuntia cochenillifera
- Opuntia comonduensis
- Opuntia columbiana
- Opuntia confusa
- Opuntia covillei
- Opuntia curvospina
- Opuntia cyclodes
- Opuntia cymochila — grassland prickly pear; One of the most common species found on the Great Plains of the United States
- Opuntia debreczyi
- Opuntia decumana
- Opuntia decumbens — nopal de culebra
- Opuntia dejecta
- 仙人掌 Opuntia dillenii
- Opuntia diploursina — found around Grand Canyon and Lake Mead National Recreation Area; ; resembles O. trichophora
- Opuntia discata
- Opuntia dulcis - 異名:O. phaeacantha major
- Opuntia echinocarpa - 參見 Cylindropuntia echinocarpa
- Opuntia echios
- Opuntia echios var. gigantea – Galápagos prickly pear, Galápagos Islands
- Opuntia elata
- Opuntia elatior Mill. – syn. O. bergeriana
- Opuntia engelmannii — Engelmann's prickly pear, cow's-tongue prickly pear, desert prickly pear, discus prickly pear, Texas prickly pear, calico cactus;
- Opuntia erinacea
- Opuntia exaltata
- Opuntia excelsa
- Opuntia fortanelli Reyes-Agüero, Orta & Heindorf, 2024[6]
- Opuntia ficus-barbarica
- 梨果仙人掌 Opuntia ficus-indica — Indian fig opuntia
- Opuntia fragilis — little prickly pear, brittle cactus, found in the Great Plains and as far west as British Columbia]
- Opuntia galapageia
- Opuntia gosseliniana — violet prickly pear
- Opuntia gosseliniana var. santa-rita – Santa Rita prickly pear
- Opuntia chlorotica var. gosseliniana
- Opuntia helleri K.Schum. ex B.L.Rob., 1902,為Opuntia galapageia' var. helleri (K.Schum. ex B.L.Rob.) Backeb.的異名
- Opuntia hickenii Britton & Rose, 1919,為Maihueniopsis hickenii (Britton & Rose) D.R.Hunt的異名
- 匍地仙人掌 Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Rafinesque, 1830 — eastern prickly pear (有時也包括O. compressa);[7][5]
- Opuntia hyptiacantha
- Opuntia inamoema K. Schum. – quipá
- Opuntia insularis
- Opuntia invicta ,異名: Corynopuntia invicta, Grusonia invicta
- Opuntia jamaicensis
- Opuntia laevis
- Opuntia lasiacantha
- Opuntia leucotricha — arborescent prickly pear, Aaron's beard cactus, semaphore cactus, Duraznillo blanco, nopal blanco
- Opuntia lindheimeri — cowtongue prickly pear
- Opuntia littoralis — coastal prickly pear, sprawling prickly pear
- Opuntia longispina
- Opuntia macrocentra — black-spined prickly pear, purple prickly pear, found in southwest USA and northern Mexico
- Opuntia macrorhiza — Plains prickly pear, found throughout the Great Plains except for the northernmost areas (not found in North Dakota), and extending sporadically eastward as far as Kentucky, syn. O. leptocarpa MacKensen, O. tenuispina Engelm., O. tortispina Engelm. & Bigelow; [5]
- Opuntia matudae — xoconostle (異名: Opuntia joconostle)
- Opuntia maldonandensis
- Opuntia maxima
- Opuntia megacantha
- Opuntia megarrhiza
- Opuntia megasperma
- Opuntia mesacantha Rafinesque, 1830[5]
- 黃毛仙人掌 Opuntia microdasys — bunny ears cactus, polka-dot cactus
- 單刺仙人掌 Opuntia monacantha — common prickly pear
- Opuntia nichollii - Distributed throughout much of the Colorado Plateau, from Grand Canyon north to Price, Utah and east to the Colorado border;
- Opuntia nemoralis Griffiths, 1913[5]
- Opuntia ochrocentra Small ex Britton & Rose, 1923[5]
- Opuntia oricola
- Opuntia ovata
- Opuntia pachyrrhiza
- Opuntia pailana
- Opuntia paraguayensis
- Opuntia phaeacantha — tulip prickly pear, includes plateau prickly pear, brown-spined prickly pear, Mojave prickly pear, Kingman prickly pear;
- Opuntia picardoi
- Opuntia pinkavae — Pinkava's prickly pear;
- Opuntia polyacantha — Panhandle prickly pear, found in the Great Plains, Great Basin, Mojave Desert, Colorado Plateau, and the Rocky Mountains, 異名:O. rhodantha K.Schum.;
- Opuntia polyacantha var. arenaria (異名:O. erinacea)
- Opuntia pubescens (異名:O. pascoensis Britton & Rose)
- Opuntia pusilla — creeping cactus, 異名:O. drummondii Graham
- Opuntia quitensis — Red Buttons opuntia (異名: O. macbridei, O. johnsonii, Platyopuntia quitensis)
- Opuntia rastrera
- Opuntia repens
- Opuntia robusta
- Opuntia rufida (有時包括O. microdasys)
- Opuntia saxicola
- Opuntia schumannii
- Opuntia soehrensii
- Opuntia stenopetala (異名:O. riviereana Backeb.)
- Opuntia streptacantha
- 縮刺仙人掌 Opuntia stricta — erect prickly pear, spineless prickly pear
- Opuntia sulphurea
- Opuntia taylori
- Opuntia tehuantepecana — nopal de caballo
- Opuntia tomentosa — woollyjoint prickly pear
- Opuntia triacantha
- Opuntia trichophora
- Opuntia tuna
- Opuntia velutina
- Opuntia violacea
被另外分列的屬
[編輯]以前曾被列在仙人掌屬中,現在單獨分列的屬:
- Austrocylindropuntia
- Brasiliopuntia
- Corynopuntia
- Cylindropuntia
- Disocactus phyllanthoides (as Opuntia speciosa)
- Micropuntia
- Miqueliopuntia
分布與棲息地
[編輯]像大多數仙人掌物種一樣,仙人掌屬物種只原產於美洲。通過人類的行為,它們已被引入世界許多其他地區。[4][8]在墨西哥,特別是在中部和西部地區以及加勒比群島(西印度群島)發現了大量的仙人掌屬物種。在美國,仙人掌屬原產於中西部和中南部乾旱、半乾旱和易旱的許多地區,包括落基山脈的低海拔地區和大平原南部,那裡的物種如 O. phaeacantha 和 O. polyacantha 占主導地位,並在西南沙漠地區流行,那裡有幾種類型。仙人掌屬物種也原產於從佛羅里達州到康乃狄克州南部的東海岸沙質海岸海灘灌木環境中,從東海岸向南進入加勒比海和巴哈馬,發現了 O. humifusa、O. stricta 和 O. pusilla。此外,東部仙人掌原產於中西部「沙草原」附近的主要河流系統,如密西西比河、伊利諾伊河和俄亥俄河。[9]該植物也自然生長在伊利諾州南部的丘陵地區,以及伊利諾州北部的沙地或岩石地區。[10]
達爾文是第一個注意到這些仙人掌有趨性雄蕊的人。當接觸到花葯時,它們會蜷縮起來,沉積花粉。通過輕輕戳一朵開放的仙人掌花的雄蕊可以看到這種運動。相同的性狀在其他屬物種(例如烏羽玉屬Lophophora)中趨同演化。
毒性
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PricklyPearClose.jpg/220px-PricklyPearClose.jpg)
雖然這些植物是可食用的,但不應食用尖毛,有乳狀汁液的類似物中都應小心。[11]
用途
[編輯]每100 g(3.5 oz)食物營養值 | |
---|---|
172 kJ(41 kcal) | |
9.6 g | |
膳食纖維 | 3.6 g |
0.5 g | |
0.7 g | |
維生素 | |
維生素A equiv. | (3%) 25 μg |
核黃素(維生素B2) | (8%) 0.1 mg |
菸鹼酸(維生素B3) | (3%) 0.5 mg |
吡哆醇(維生素B6) | (8%) 0.1 mg |
葉酸(維生素B9) | (2%) 6 μg |
維生素C | (17%) 14.0 mg |
維生素E | (0%) 0 mg |
膳食礦物質 | |
鈣 | (6%) 56 mg |
鐵 | (2%) 0.3 mg |
鎂 | (24%) 85 mg |
磷 | (3%) 24 mg |
鉀 | (5%) 220 mg |
鋅 | (1%) 0.1 mg |
其他成分 | |
水 | 88 g |
Full Link to USDA Database entry 參照美國標準的相對百分比 成人每日的參考膳食攝入量(DRI) 來源:(英文)美國農業部營養資料庫 |
營養
[編輯]生仙人掌莖含有 88% 的水、10% 的碳水化合物和不到 1% 的蛋白質和脂肪。在100克的參考份量中,可提供170千焦耳的食物熱量,17%的維生素C每日攝入量,24% 的鎂攝入量,沒有其他顯著含量的微量營養素。
地區性的食用
[編輯]仙人掌的果實
[編輯]仙人掌的果實,通常稱為仙人掌果(西班牙語:Tuna[12])、刺梨(英語:Prickly pears)、仙人掌無花果(cactus fig)、印地安無花果(Indian fig[13],可食用的,但必須在吃之前去掉外皮以去除外皮上的小刺。[14]如果沒有正確去除外皮,可能會攝入小刺,小刺很容易卡在皮膚中,導致喉嚨、嘴唇和舌頭不適。像德貴斯塔這樣的美洲原住民會將仙人掌果在合適的介質(例如沙礫)中滾動,磨除小刺。或者,在篝火或火把的火焰中旋轉水果已用於去除小刺。仙人掌果的種子可用於麵粉。[15]現今,也育有無核的品種。
在墨西哥,仙人掌果常被用來製作開胃菜、湯、沙拉、主菜、蔬菜菜餚、麵包、甜點、飲料、糖果、果凍和飲料。[16][17][18]
仙人掌的莖片
[編輯]在大多數仙人掌物種,仙人掌的較嫩的莖片(西班牙語:Nopales)也是可食用的。[16][14] 它們通常用於墨西哥菜中的菜餚中,例如仙人掌莖炒雞蛋(西班牙語:huevos con nopales)或是仙人掌莖塔可(西班牙語:Racos de nopales)。仙人掌莖也是美國新墨西哥州飲食的重要成分。[16]2009年,它作為一種更便宜的玉米替代品被引入,用於生產玉米餅和其他玉米產品。[19]它們也可以醃製後食用。[15]
民間醫學
[編輯]在墨西哥傳統醫學中,它的仙人掌的果肉和汁液被認為是治療消化道和泌尿道的傷口和炎症的藥物,[20]儘管沒有總夠證據表明將仙人掌用於這些目的有任何臨床益處。
在現代醫學之前,美洲原住民和墨西哥人主要使用仙人掌作為開放性傷口的凝固劑,通過撕裂仙人掌莖片或刮取使用莖片上果肉。[21]
在最近的一項研究中,發現仙人掌有助於預防或減緩糖尿病、肥胖症、代謝症候群、心血管疾病和某些癌症的發生。與安慰劑組相比,服用仙人掌的組的結果顯示 BMI、身體成分和腰圍有所減少。[22]
其他用途
[編輯]在染料生產中
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cochinel_Zapotec_nests.jpg/220px-Cochinel_Zapotec_nests.jpg)
胭脂蟲是一種蚧殼蟲,原產於熱帶和亞熱帶的南美洲和墨西哥,是固著性寄生蟲,生活在仙人掌屬的植物上,以仙人掌汁液中的水分和營養為食。這種昆蟲會產生胭脂紅酸,從而阻止其他昆蟲的捕食。胭脂紅酸可以從昆蟲的身體和卵中提取出來,製成紅色染料。
胭脂蟲紅主要用作紅色食用色素和化妝品。[16]胭脂蟲在前殖民時代,已經做為染料被北美洲]和中美洲的阿茲特克和瑪雅人以及南美洲的印加人使用。胭脂蟲幾乎完全由當原住民生產商在墨西哥瓦哈卡當地生產,成為墨西哥僅次於白銀的第二大出口產品。[23]這種染料在整個歐洲都被消費,而且價值很高,倫敦和阿姆斯特丹商品交易所定期報價。
胭脂蟲的最大生產國是秘魯、加那利群島和智利。當前對人工食品添加劑的健康擔憂使胭脂蟲染料重新流行起來,需求的增加使胭脂蟲養殖成為其他地區(例如墨西哥)的一個有吸引力的機會。由於天敵眾多,胭脂蟲的產量再次下降。[24]
除胭脂蟲紅外,紅染料甜菜根紅素(英語:Betanin)還可以從一些仙人掌植物本身中提取。[16]
動物飼料
[編輯]仙人掌可做為乾燥和乾旱地區的動物飼料作物。[25]
作為「純素皮革」的來源
[編輯]仙人掌的厚皮可以做為環保皮革替代動物皮革。[26]
燃料
[編輯]對於生物塑料
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- Behan, Jeff (1995): The bug that changed history. Boatman's Quarterly Rreview 8(2). HTML fulltext
- Bwititi, P.; Musabayane, C.T. & Nhachi, C.F.B. (2000): Effects of Opuntia megacantha on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(3): 247-252. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00123-3 PMID 10722207 (HTML abstract)
- Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo (2002): Taxonomy, distribution, rarity status and uses of Canadian Cacti. Haseltonia 9: 17-25[29] PDF abstract(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Frati-Munari, A.C.; Fernandez-Harp, J.A.; de la Riva, H.; Ariza-Andraca, R. & del Carmen Torres, M. (1983): Effects of nopal (Opuntia sp.) on serum lipids, glycemia and body weight. Archivos de investigacion medica 14(2): 117-125. PMID 6314922 [Article in English, Spanish]
- Ott, Jonathan (1995): Ayahuasca Additive Plants(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). In: Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangaean Entheogens.
- Pittler, Max H.; Verster, Joris C. & Ernst, Edzard (2005): Interventions for preventing or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Brit. Med. J. 331(7531): 1515-1518. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1515 PMID 16373736 PDF fulltext(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Portillo M., Liberato & Vigueras G., Ana Lilia (1988): Natural Enemies of Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa): Importance in Mexico. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 3: 43-49. PDF fulltext
- Rayburn, Keith M.D.; Martinez, Rey; Escobedo, Miguel; Wright, Fred & Farias, Maria (1998): Glycemic Effects of Various Species of Nopal (Opuntia sp.) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Texas Journal of Rural Health 16(1): 68-76.
- Trenary, Klaus (1997): Visionary Cactus Guide: Opunita [sic]. Retrieved 2007-OCT-15.
- Wiese, Jeff; McPherson, Steve; Odden, Michelle C. & Shlipak, Michael G. (2004): Effect of Opuntia ficus indica [sic] on Symptoms of the Alcohol Hangover. Arch. Intern. Med. 164(12): 1334-1340. PDF fulltext(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
注釋
[編輯]- ^ Jon P. Rebman, Ph.D., "What has happened to Opuntia?" San Diego Natural History Museum. [2008-09-10]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-22).
- ^ California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. [2022-07-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-20).
- ^ Miller, Philip. Opuntia. The Gardener's Dictionary v.2 4th. London: John & James Rivington. 1754 [2014-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-18).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear). CABI. 3 January 2018 [23 May 2018]. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-28).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Lucas C. Majure, Walter S Judd, Pamela S Soltis and Douglas E Soltis. 2017. Taxonomic Revision of the Opuntia humifusa complex (Opuntieae: Cactaceae) of the eastern United States. Phytotaxa. 290(1); 1–65. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.290.1.1
- ^ Juan Antonio Reyes-Agüero, Carolina Orta-Salazar, Claudia Heindorf and Eleazar Carranza González. 2024. Opuntia fortanelli (Cactaceae), A New Species from the Huastec Region of San Luis Potosí, México. Haseltonia. 31 (1), 26-33. DOI: 10.2985/026.031.0104
- ^ 中国仙人掌科一新归化种——匍地仙人掌. 廣西植物. [2023-03-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-09).
- ^ Majure, Lucas C.; Puente, Raul; Griffith, M. Patrick; Judd, Walter S.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E. Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): Clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution. American Journal of Botany. 2012-05-01, 99 (5): 847–864. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 22539520. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100375 (英語).
- ^ Sand prairie. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2020 [23 January 2020].[失效連結]
- ^ Eastern prickly pear, Opuntia humifusa, Cactus family (Cactaceae). Illinois Wildflowers. [23 January 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-29).
- ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009: 81 [2022-07-18]. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364. (原始內容存檔於2022-09-22) (美國英語).
- ^ Grigson, Jane. Jane Grigson's Fruit Book. U of Nebraska Press. 2007: 380 [2022-07-18]. ISBN 978-0-8032-5993-5. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-18).
- ^ 最初的意思指的美洲原住民,但其種加詞「ficus-indica」的意思是印度的無花果。注意真正的無花果在南亞。
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Lyle, Katie Letcher. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them 2nd. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. 2010: 168 [2004]. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Angier, Bradford. Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 1974: 178. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Yvonne Savio. Prickly pear cactus production. Small Farm Center. University of California – Davis. 1989 [23 December 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-15).
- ^ Midey, Connie. A magical plant. The Arizona Republic. May 31, 2005 [May 22, 2010].
- ^ Jarman, Max. Hand crafted hooch: Prickly pear vodka from Flagstaff. The Arizona Republic. October 11, 2005 [May 22, 2010].
- ^ Trevino, Miguel Trancozo. The remarkable power of the prickly pear. www.bbc.com. [2020-06-01]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-18) (英語).
- ^ Frati AC, Xilotl Díaz N, Altamirano P, Ariza R, López-Ledesma R. The effect of two sequential doses of Opuntia streptacantha upon glycemia. Archivos de Investigación Médica. 1991, 22 (3–4): 333–6. PMID 1844121.
- ^ del Socorro Santos Díaz, María; Barba de la Rosa, Ana-Paulina; Héliès-Toussaint, Cécile; Guéraud, Françoise; Nègre-Salvayre, Anne. Opuntia spp.: Characterization and Benefits in Chronic Diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017, 2017: 8634249. PMC 5401751
. PMID 28491239. doi:10.1155/2017/8634249
(英語).
- ^ Mayes, V., Lacy, B. B., Ahasteen, J., & Chee, J. (2012). Nanise’: A Navajo herbal: One Hundred Plants from the Navajo Reservation. Chandler, AZ: Five Star Publications, Inc.
- ^ Behan (1995).
- ^ Portillo & Vigueras (1988).
- ^ Lee Allen. Strategic fodder – cactus to the rescue as livestock feed. FarmProgress. January 15, 2016 [25 February 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-18).
- ^ Derya Ozdemir. Creating Leather From Cactus to Save Animals and the Environment. Interesting Engineering. June 23, 2020 [23 June 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-18).
- ^ Ciriminna, Rosaria; Delisi, Riccardo; Albanese, Lorenzo; Meneguzzo, Francesco; Pagliaro, Mario. Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil: Biorefinery and bioeconomy aspects. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 21 February 2017, 119 (8): 1700013. ISSN 1438-7697. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201700013.
- ^ Liz Gyekye. BBC covers biodegradable bioplastics made from cactus juice. BioMarket Insights. June 5, 2019 [February 25, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-26).
- ^ Google Scholar. [2008-09-10]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-12).
外部連結
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