吡虫啉：修订间差异
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==外部連結== |
==外部連結== |
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{{Commons category|Imidacloprid}} |
{{Commons category|Imidacloprid}} |
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* {{cite journal | author = Van Dijk T. C., Van Staalduinen M. A., Van der Sluijs J. P. | year = 2013 | title = Macro-Invertebrate Decline in Surface Water Polluted with Imidacloprid | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5| page = e62374 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0062374 | pmid=23650513 | pmc=3641074}} |
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*[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%90%A1%E8%99%AB%E5%95%89 百度百科-吡虫啉] |
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*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13531.html] Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations |
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*[http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/haloxyfop-methylparathion/imidacloprid-ext.html Pesticide Information Profile] from Extension Toxicology Network |
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*[http://www.flora.org/healthyottawa/merit-pesticide-insecticide-grub.htm Breakdown Chart of Imidacloprid forming toxic 2-chloro pyridine] |
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*[http://www.sierraclub.ca/national/programs/health-environment/pesticides/imidacloprid-fact-sheet.shtml Imidacloprid Fact Sheet, with 18 References, from the Sierra Club of Canada] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009223131/http://beekeeping.com/articles/us/imidacloprid_bayer.htm Bayer's "Expert Overview"] |
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* {{PPDB|397}} |
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*[https://www.thetreegeek.com/products/optrol/ The Tree Geek] |
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==參考文獻== |
==參考文獻== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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{{杀虫剂}} |
{{杀虫剂}} |
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{{Portal bar|Chemistry<!--|Insects-->}} |
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[[Category:有机氯杀虫剂]] |
[[Category:有机氯杀虫剂]] |
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[[Category:新煙鹼杀虫剂]] |
[[Category:新煙鹼杀虫剂]] |
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2019年9月24日 (二) 16:24的版本
| 吡虫啉[1] | |
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| IUPAC名 N-{1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl}nitramide | |
| 识别 | |
| CAS号 | 138261-41-3 
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| PubChem | 86418 |
| ChemSpider | 77934 |
| SMILES |
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| InChI |
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| InChIKey | YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYAZ |
| ChEBI | 39169 |
| DrugBank | DB07980 |
| KEGG | C11110 |
| 性质 | |
| 化学式 | C9H10ClN5O2 |
| 摩尔质量 | 255.661 g·mol⁻¹ |
| 外观 | 白色透明晶體 |
| 熔点 | 136.4 °C（410 K） |
| 沸点 | 442.3 |
| 溶解性（水） | 0.51 g/L (20 °C) |
| 药理学 | |
| ATCvet代码 | QP53AX17（QP53） |
| 危险性 | |
| 闪点 | 221.3 |
| 若非注明，所有数据均出自标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。 | |
益達胺（Imidacloprid）又名吡蟲啉，是新一代類尼古丁超高效殺蟲劑，純品呈無色無味的晶體。主要破壞昆蟲的神經系統功能。對昆蟲具有广谱、高效、害虫不易产生抗性，对人、哺乳動物、植物和天敌則是低毒、低残留安全等特点。害虫接触药剂后，中枢神经正常传导受阻，使其麻痹死亡。由於藥物會經由植物根部、葉面吸收後傳送到花朵、花粉中，所以對蜜蜂等傳粉昆蟲也具有強毒，嚴重影響農作物收成，已經逐步遭到禁用[2][3]。2017年台灣將益達胺、可尼丁、賽速安三種類尼古丁農藥暫時取消使用在荔枝與龍眼上，2018年6月歐盟決議全面禁用益達胺等三種類尼古丁殺蟲劑。歐盟法院，在2018年5月宣判歐盟執委會2013年採「預警原則」禁止在招引蜜蜂的開花植物使用類尼古丁農藥有理，駁回農藥大廠拜耳與先正達的指控。
外部連結
- Van Dijk T. C., Van Staalduinen M. A., Van der Sluijs J. P. Macro-Invertebrate Decline in Surface Water Polluted with Imidacloprid. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (5): e62374. PMC 3641074
. PMID 23650513. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062374. - [1] Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations
- Pesticide Information Profile from Extension Toxicology Network
- Breakdown Chart of Imidacloprid forming toxic 2-chloro pyridine
- Imidacloprid Fact Sheet, with 18 References, from the Sierra Club of Canada
- Bayer's "Expert Overview"
- 吡虫啉 in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
- The Tree Geek
參考文獻
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