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白點症病毒：修订间差异

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{{in use}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Virusbox
| taxon = Whispovirus
| virus_group = i
| taxon = Whispovirus
| subdivision_ranks = [[物种]]
| familia = Nimaviridae
| subdivision        =
'''''White spot syndrome virus'''''
}}
}}


'''白點症病毒'''（{{lang-en|''White spot syndrome''}}，簡稱'''WSS'''），是存在於[[對蝦科]]物種的一種病毒。此病毒只存在於蝦類，但是由於病毒的毒性跟高傳染性，所以很快就會把大量的蝦群殺死。此病毒對蝦場經濟上和繁殖上有很大的影響，全世界的蝦場都受到此病毒的影響。此病毒還未發現治療的方法。
'''白點病毒症候群'''（{{lang-en|''White spot syndrome''}}，簡稱'''WSS'''），是存在於[[對蝦科]]物種的一種'''白點症[[病毒]]'''（{{lang-en|''White spot syndrome virus''}}，簡稱'''WSSV'''）'感染。此病毒只存在於蝦類，但是由於病毒的毒性跟高傳染性，所以很快就會把大量的蝦群殺死。此病毒對蝦場經濟上和繁殖上有很大的影響，全世界多處均有[[海蝦養殖|海蝦養殖場]]都受到此病毒的影響，在數天內所有養殖的蝦都死光。


白點症病毒是這類病毒的唯一一種（所以也是這個屬的[[模式種]]），亦是'''线头病毒科'''（Nimaviridae）唯一一個屬<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=HC |last2=Hirono |first2=I |last3=Maningas |first3=MBB |last4=Somboonwiwat |first4=K |last5=Stentiford |first5=G |last6=ICTV Report |first6=Consortium |title=ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nimaviridae. |journal=The Journal of General Virology |date=2019-07 |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=1053–1054 |doi=10.1099/jgv.0.001248 |pmid=30924764 |language=en }}</ref>。 It is responsible for causing white spot syndrome in a wide range of crustacean hosts.<ref name="ICTV">{{cite web |title=ICTV Report Nimaviridae |url=http://www.ictv.global/report/nimaviridae}}</ref><ref name=ViralZone/>
==早期發現==
⚫
此病毒最早是在[[臺灣]]的蝦場裡所發現的，發現時間為1992年<ref>{{cite book |author=Chen, S. N. |year=1995 |chapter=Current status of shrimp aquaculture in Taiwan. |editor=C. L. Browdy & J. S. Hopkins (''Eds.'') |title=Swimming through troubled water |publisher=Proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming. Aquaculture ’95. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA |pages=29–34}}</ref>。於1993年時，在[[中國]]大陆也發現了此病毒，到1996年時，整個[[東南亞]]的養蝦場都有此病毒。1995年末期，[[美國]]也發現了此病毒。除了[[澳洲]]以外的地方都找的到此病毒的蹤跡。直到2016年12月，澳洲[[昆士兰]]的虾养殖场也首次发现该病毒<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-12/prawn-disease-found-in-queensland-prompts-call-for-import-ban/8112386], White spot virus discovery in Queensland prawns prompts imported uncooked produce ban, [[澳洲廣播公司|ABC]]</ref>。


The disease is caused by a family of related viruses subsumed as the whitespot syndrome baculovirus complex<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission |url=http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=7 |title=Non-Native Species Summaries: ''Whitespot Syndrome Baculovirus complex'' (WSBV)'' |year=2003 |accessdate=June 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018152654/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=7 |archivedate=October 18, 2005 }}</ref> and the disease caused by them as white spot syndrome.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lightner, D. V. |year=1996 |title=A handbook of shrimp pathology and diagnostic procedures for diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp |publisher=World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA}}</ref>
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==參考資料 ==
<!--{{cite book |publisher=World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) |title=Aquatic Manual |edition=4th |year=2003 |url=http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/A_00048.htm |isbn=9-290-44563-7 |author=Office International des Épizooties.}}-->
⚫
{{reflist|2}}


==外部連結==
==歷史==
⚫
此病毒最早是在[[臺灣]]的蝦場裡所發現的，發現時間為1992年<ref>{{cite book |author=Chen, S. N. |year=1995 |chapter=Current status of shrimp aquaculture in Taiwan. |editor1=C. L. Browdy |editor2=J. S. Hopkins |title=Swimming through troubled water |publisher=Proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming. Aquaculture ’95. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA |pages=29–34 |language=en }}</ref>。於1993年時，在[[中國]]大陆也發現了此病毒，造成蝦群的損失<ref>{{cite journal |author=Huang, J. |author2=X. L. Song |author3=J. Yu |author4=C. H. Yang |last-author-amp=yes |year=1995 |title=Baculoviral hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis: study on the pathogen and pathology of the explosive epidemic disease of shrimp |journal=Marine Fisheries Research |volume=16 |pages=1–10 |language=en }}</ref>，導致當地養蝦業近乎崩潰。緊接着同一年亦在[[日本]]及[[朝鮮半島]]爆發；1994年於[[泰国]]、[[印度]]及[[马来西亚]]爆發。及至1996年，整個[[东亚]] 和[[南亚]]均受到嚴重影響。1995年末期，[[美國]]也發現了此病毒，然後1998年亦擴散至[[中美洲]]和[[南美洲]]、1999年蔓延至[[墨西哥]]。2000年在[[菲律宾]]出現，2011年在[[沙特阿拉伯]]出現。這時，除了[[澳洲]]以外的地方都找的到此病毒的蹤跡。直到2016年11月，澳洲[[昆士兰]]的虾养殖场也首次发现该病毒<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-12/prawn-disease-found-in-queensland-prompts-call-for-import-ban/8112386 |title=White spot virus discovery in Queensland prawns prompts imported uncooked produce ban |trans-title=白點症病毒於昆士蘭的明蝦發現，提醒禁止入口未經煮熟的產物 |publisher=[[澳洲廣播公司|ABC]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/28529/white-spot-detected-on-queensland-prawn-farm|title=White Spot Detected on Queensland Prawn Farm|date=December 2, 2016|accessdate=2016-12-08|website=The Fish Site}}</ref>，成為最後一個免受病毒感染的蝦養殖地區。
⚫
* [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/144.html '''Viralzone''': Nimaviridae]


==病毒學==
White spot syndrome virus is a species of <!-- [[virus]] -->[[病毒]] in the genus ''Whispovirus'', in the family ''Nimaviridae''. It is the only species in this family, so serves as the type species.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/144.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV />
===Taxonomy===
White spot syndrome virus is a dsDNA virus, which places it in group I of the <!-- [[Baltimore classification]] -->[[巴爾的摩病毒分類系統]] system.


<big>'''Group: dsDNA'''</big>
{{病毒小作品}}
{{Collapsible list|title= <big>Order: Unassigned</big>
{{DEFAULTSORT:White Spot Syndrome}}
|1={{Collapsible list| framestyle=border:none; padding:1.0em;|title=Family: Nimaviridae
|1={{hidden begin|title=<small>Genus: Whispovirus</small>}}
*<small>'''''White spot syndrome virus'''''</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}
}}<ref name=ICTV />

===Virion structure===
WSSV is a rod-shaped, <!-- [[double-stranded DNA|double-stranded]] -->[[脱氧核糖核酸]], <!-- [[DNA virus]] -->[[去氧核糖核酸病毒]], and the size of the enveloped viral particles have been reported to be 240–380&nbsp;<!-- [[nanometre|nm]] -->[[纳米]] long and 70–159&nbsp;nm in diameter and <!-- [[nucleocapsid]] -->[[衣壳]] core is 120–205&nbsp;nm long and 95–165&nbsp;nm in diameter.<ref name= ICTV/> The virus has an outer <!-- [[lipid]] -->[[脂類]] bilayer membrane envelope, sometimes with a tail-like appendage at one end of the virion. The nucleocapsid consists of 15 conspicuous vertical <!-- [[helix|helices]] -->[[螺旋]] located along the long axis; each helix has two parallel striations, composed of 14 globular capsomers, each of which is 8&nbsp;nm in diameter.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nadala, E. C. B. Jr. |author2=L. M. Tapay |author3=P. C. Loh |last-author-amp=yes |year=1998 |title=Characterization of a non-occluded baculovirus-like agent pathogenic to penaeid shrimp |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |volume=33 |pages=221–229 |doi=10.3354/dao033221 |pmid=9745719 |issue=3|doi-access=free }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation
|-
|Whispovirus||Ovoid||||Enveloped||Circular||Monopartite
|}

===Genome===
The complete DNA sequence of the WSSV genome has been assembled into a circular sequence of 292,967&nbsp;<!-- [[base pair|bp]] -->[[碱基对]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Hulten, M. C. W. |author2=J. Witteveldt |author3=S. Peters |author4=N. Kloosterboer|author5=R. Tarchini |author6=F. Fiers|author7=H. Sandbrink |author8=R. K. Lankhorst |author9=J. M. Vlak |last-author-amp=yes |year=2001 |title=The white spot syndrome virus DNA genome sequence |journal=Virology |volume=286 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1006/viro.2001.1002 |pmid=11448154 |issue=1}}</ref> It encodes 531 putative open reading frames.

One of the proteins, WSSV449, has some similarity to host protein Tube and can function like Tube by activating the NF-κB pathway.<ref name="Wang2011">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=PH|last2=Gu|first2=ZH|last3=Wan|first3=DH|last4=Zhang|first4=MY|last5=Weng|first5=SP|last6=Yu|first6=XQ|last7=He|first7=JG|title=The shrimp NF-κB pathway is activated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) 449 to facilitate the expression of WSSV069 (ie1), WSSV303 and WSSV371.|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2011|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e24773|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024773|pmid=21931849|pmc=3171479|bibcode=2011PLoSO...624773W}}</ref>

===Lifecycle===
Viral replication is nuclear; DNA-templated transcription is its method. The virus infects an unusually wide host range of crustaceans.<ref name= ICTV/><ref name=ViralZone /> Transmission of the virus is mainly through oral ingestion and water-borne routes in farms (horizontal transmission) and vertical transmission (from infected mother prawns) in the case of shrimp hatcheries. The virus is present in the wild stocks of shrimp, especially in the coastal waters adjacent to shrimp-farming regions in Asian countries, but mass mortalities of wild shrimp are yet to be observed.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
|-
|Whispovirus||Crustaceans||Ectoderm; mesoderm||Unknown||Unknown||Nuclear||Nuclear||Contact
|}

==Clinical==
{{Refimprove section|date=February 2017}}

The virus has a wide host range. While shrimp can survive with the virus for extended periods of time, factors such as stress can cause the outbreak of WSS. The disease is highly virulent and leads to <!-- [[mortality rate]] -->[[死亡率]]s of 100% within days in the case of cultured penaeid shrimps. Most of the cultured penaeid shrimps (''<!-- [[Penaeus monodon]] -->[[草蝦]]'', ''<!-- [[Marsupenaeus japonicus]] -->[[囊对虾属]]'', ''<!-- [[Litopenaeus vannamei]] -->[[中南美白對蝦]]'', and ''<!-- [[Fenneropenaeus indicus]] -->[[印度明對蝦]]'') are natural hosts of the virus. Several nonpenaeid shrimp were also found to be severely infected during experimental challenges. Many crustaceans such as <!-- [[crab]] -->[[螃蟹]]s (''<!-- [[Scylla]] -->[[斯库拉]]'' spp., ''{{tsl|en|Portunus||Portunus}}'' spp.), <!-- [[spiny lobster]] -->[[龍蝦]]s (''<!-- [[Panulirus]] -->[[龍蝦屬]]'' spp.), <!-- [[crayfish]] -->[[淡水龙虾]] (''{{tsl|en|Astacus||Astacus}}'' spp.', ''{{tsl|en|Cherax||Cherax}}'' spp.) and freshwater shrimp (''<!-- [[Macrobrachium]] -->[[沼蝦屬]]'' spp.) are reported to be infected with variable severities depending on the lifestage of the host and presence of external stressors (<!-- [[temperature]] -->[[温度]], <!-- [[salinity]] -->[[鹽度]], bacterial diseases, pollutants).

Clinical signs of WSS include a sudden reduction in food consumption, lethargy, loose cuticle and often reddish discolouration, and the presence of white spots of 0.5 to 2.0&nbsp;<!-- [[millimetre|mm]] -->[[毫米]] in diameter on the inside surface of the {{tsl|en|carapace||carapace}}, <!-- [[appendage]] -->[[附肢]]s, and cuticle over the abdominal segments.<ref name= ICTV/>

==Pathology==
In the host, WSSV infects a wide variety of <!-- [[Cell (biology)|cell]] -->[[细胞]]s from ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Histological changes are seen in the <!-- [[gill]] -->[[鳃]] epithelium, <!-- 页面不存在 -->[[antennal gland]], <!-- 页面不存在 -->[[haematopoeitic tissue]], <!-- [[nervous tissue]] -->[[神經組織]], <!-- [[connective tissue]] -->[[结缔组织]], and intestinal <!-- [[epithelial tissue]] -->[[上皮組織]]. Infected cells have prominent intranuclear occlusions that initially stain {{tsl|en|eosinophilic||eosinophilic}}, but become {{tsl|en|basophilic||basophilic}} with age; hypertrophied nuclei with chromatin margination; and cytoplasmic clearing.<ref name=SEMBV>{{cite journal |author=Wongteerasupaya, C. |author2=J. E. Vickers |author3=S. Sriurairatana |author4=G. L. Nash|author5=A. Akarajamorn |author6=V. Boonseang|author7=S. Panyin |author8=A. Tassanakajon|author9=B. Withyachumnarnkul |author10=T. W. Flegel |last-author-amp=yes |year=1995 |title=A non-occluded, systemic baculovirus that occurs in cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin and causes high mortality in the black tiger prawn ''Penaeus monodon'' |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |volume=21 |pages=69–77 |doi=10.3354/dao021069|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pathogenesis involves widespread tissue necrosis and disintegration.

White spots on the shell of infected shrimp under <!-- [[scanning electron microscope]] -->[[扫描电子显微镜]] appear as large, dome-shaped spots on the carapace measuring 0.3 to 3.0&nbsp;mm in diameter. Smaller white spots of 0.02 to 0.10&nbsp;mm appear as linked spheres on the cuticle surface. Chemical composition of the spots is similar to the carapace, calcium forming 80–90% of the total material, and may have derived from abnormalities of the cuticular epidermis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wang, C. S. |author2=K. F. Tang |author3=G. H. Kou |author4=S. N. Chen |last-author-amp=yes |year=1997 |title=Light and electron microscopic evidence of white spot disease in the giant tiger shrimp, ''Penaeus monodon'' (Fabricius), and the kuruma shrimp, ''Penaeus japonicus'' (Bate), cultured in Taiwan |journal=Journal of Fish Diseases |volume=20 |pages=323–331 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00301.x |issue=5}}</ref>

Several biochemical changes have been reported after infection with this virus:<ref name=Chen2011>Chen IT, Aoki T, Huang YT, Hirono I, Chen TC, Huang JY, Chang GD, Lo CF, Wang KC (2011) White spot syndrome virus induces metabolic changes resembling the Warburg effect in shrimp hemocytes in the early stage of infection. J Virol</ref> <!-- [[glucose]] -->[[葡萄糖]] consumption and plasma <!-- [[Lactic acid|lactate]] -->[[乳酸]] concentration increase, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity increases, and <!-- [[triglyceride]] -->[[三酸甘油酯]] concentration decreases. The voltage-dependent anion channel of the <!-- [[mitochondrion]] -->[[線粒體]] is also upregulated.

== Diagnosis ==
Infection with WSSV differs from other described penaeid infections {{tsl|en|yellowhead virus||yellowhead virus}} (YHV) and <!-- 页面不存在 -->[[infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus]] (IHHNV) in the described histological findings, as YHV has a reduced tissue specificity, infecting only the intestinal epithelial tissues and IHHNV causes intranuclear occlusions that stain eosinophilic, but do not change over the course of the infection.<ref name=SEMBV/>

Rapid and specific diagnosis of the virus can be accomplished using <!-- [[nested PCR|nested]] -->[[巢式聚合酶链式反应]]<ref name=SEMBV/> or <!-- [[quantitative PCR]] -->[[即時聚合酶鏈式反應]].<ref name=Dhar>{{cite journal |author=Dhar, A. K. |author2=M. M. Roux |author3=K. R. Klimpel |last-author-amp=yes|year=2001 |title=Detection and Quantification of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus and White Spot Virus in Shrimp Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and SYBR Green Chemistry |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=2835–2845|doi=10.1128/JCM.39.8.2835-2845.2001 |pmid=11474000 |pmc=88247}}</ref>

==治療==
目前並未有任何方法可治療。

==防範==
{{refimprove section |time=2017-02}}
為防範病毒爆發，目前只能夠在對蝦的養殖場進行大規模[[消毒]]。對於未受感染的蝦苗，使之遠離環境壓力、再加上非常程度的保護，是防止病毒污染的有效管理手段。 Site selection may be one of the most crucial in preventing WSS. Shrimp farmed in areas with relatively low temperature fluctuations and at water temperatures greater than 29°C had increased resistance to WSSV.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kakoolaki|first1=S.|last2=Sharifpour|first2=I.|last3=Afsharnasab|first3=M.|last4=Sepahdari|first4=A.|last5=Mehrabi|first5=M.R.|last6=Ghaednia|first6=B.|last7=Nezamabadi|first7=H.|title=Effects of temperature on hematological and histopathological changes and survival rate of juvenile Fenneropenaeus vannamei experimentally challenged to White Spot Virus|journal=Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences|date=2014|volume=13|issue=1|pages=91–102|url=http://jifro.ir/browse.php?a_id=1429&sid=1&slc_lang=en|language=en}}</ref>

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==參考文獻==
⚫
{{Reflist|2}}

==外部連結==
* [http://www.ictv.global/report/nimaviridae '''ICTV Report:''' ''Nimaviridae'']
⚫
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/144.html '''Viralzone''': Nimaviridae]
{{Baltimore classification}}
{{Crustacean diseases}}
{{Portal bar|Viruses}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3143049}}


[[Category:病毒]]
[[Category:Nimaviridae]]
[[Category:對蝦科]]
[[Category:动物病毒学]]
[[Category:水产养殖]]
[[Category:Diseases and parasites of crustaceans]]
[[Category:Syndromes in animals]]

2020年8月4日 (二) 04:05的版本

白點症病毒
病毒分類 编辑
（未分级）： 病毒 Virus
域： 地位未定 incertae sedis
界： 地位未定 incertae sedis
门： 地位未定 incertae sedis
纲： 納爾達病毒綱 Naldaviricetes
目： 地位未定 incertae sedis
科： 线头病毒科 Nimaviridae
属： 白点症病毒属 Whispovirus

白點病毒症候群（英語：White spot syndrome，簡稱WSS），是存在於對蝦科物種的一種白點症病毒（英語：White spot syndrome virus，簡稱WSSV）'感染。此病毒只存在於蝦類，但是由於病毒的毒性跟高傳染性，所以很快就會把大量的蝦群殺死。此病毒對蝦場經濟上和繁殖上有很大的影響，全世界多處均有海蝦養殖場都受到此病毒的影響，在數天內所有養殖的蝦都死光。

白點症病毒是這類病毒的唯一一種（所以也是這個屬的模式種），亦是线头病毒科（Nimaviridae）唯一一個屬[1]。 It is responsible for causing white spot syndrome in a wide range of crustacean hosts.[2][3]

The disease is caused by a family of related viruses subsumed as the whitespot syndrome baculovirus complex[4] and the disease caused by them as white spot syndrome.[5]

歷史

此病毒最早是在臺灣的蝦場裡所發現的，發現時間為1992年[6]。於1993年時，在中國大陆也發現了此病毒，造成蝦群的損失[7]，導致當地養蝦業近乎崩潰。緊接着同一年亦在日本及朝鮮半島爆發；1994年於泰国、印度及马来西亚爆發。及至1996年，整個东亚 和南亚均受到嚴重影響。1995年末期，美國也發現了此病毒，然後1998年亦擴散至中美洲和南美洲、1999年蔓延至墨西哥。2000年在菲律宾出現，2011年在沙特阿拉伯出現。這時，除了澳洲以外的地方都找的到此病毒的蹤跡。直到2016年11月，澳洲昆士兰的虾养殖场也首次发现该病毒[8][9]，成為最後一個免受病毒感染的蝦養殖地區。

病毒學

White spot syndrome virus is a species of 病毒 in the genus Whispovirus, in the family Nimaviridae. It is the only species in this family, so serves as the type species.[3][2]

Taxonomy

White spot syndrome virus is a dsDNA virus, which places it in group I of the 巴爾的摩病毒分類系統 system.

Group: dsDNA

Order: Unassigned
  • Family: Nimaviridae
    • Genus: Whispovirus
      • White spot syndrome virus

[2]

Virion structure

WSSV is a rod-shaped, 脱氧核糖核酸, 去氧核糖核酸病毒, and the size of the enveloped viral particles have been reported to be 240–380 纳米 long and 70–159 nm in diameter and 衣壳 core is 120–205 nm long and 95–165 nm in diameter.[2] The virus has an outer 脂類 bilayer membrane envelope, sometimes with a tail-like appendage at one end of the virion. The nucleocapsid consists of 15 conspicuous vertical 螺旋 located along the long axis; each helix has two parallel striations, composed of 14 globular capsomers, each of which is 8 nm in diameter.[10]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Whispovirus Ovoid Enveloped Circular Monopartite

Genome

The complete DNA sequence of the WSSV genome has been assembled into a circular sequence of 292,967 碱基对.[11] It encodes 531 putative open reading frames.

One of the proteins, WSSV449, has some similarity to host protein Tube and can function like Tube by activating the NF-κB pathway.[12]

Lifecycle

Viral replication is nuclear; DNA-templated transcription is its method. The virus infects an unusually wide host range of crustaceans.[2][3] Transmission of the virus is mainly through oral ingestion and water-borne routes in farms (horizontal transmission) and vertical transmission (from infected mother prawns) in the case of shrimp hatcheries. The virus is present in the wild stocks of shrimp, especially in the coastal waters adjacent to shrimp-farming regions in Asian countries, but mass mortalities of wild shrimp are yet to be observed.

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Whispovirus Crustaceans Ectoderm; mesoderm Unknown Unknown Nuclear Nuclear Contact

Clinical

The virus has a wide host range. While shrimp can survive with the virus for extended periods of time, factors such as stress can cause the outbreak of WSS. The disease is highly virulent and leads to 死亡率s of 100% within days in the case of cultured penaeid shrimps. Most of the cultured penaeid shrimps (草蝦, 囊对虾属, 中南美白對蝦, and 印度明對蝦) are natural hosts of the virus. Several nonpenaeid shrimp were also found to be severely infected during experimental challenges. Many crustaceans such as 螃蟹s (斯库拉 spp., Portunus（英语：Portunus） spp.), 龍蝦s (龍蝦屬 spp.), 淡水龙虾 (Astacus（英语：Astacus） spp.', Cherax spp.) and freshwater shrimp (沼蝦屬 spp.) are reported to be infected with variable severities depending on the lifestage of the host and presence of external stressors (温度, 鹽度, bacterial diseases, pollutants).

Clinical signs of WSS include a sudden reduction in food consumption, lethargy, loose cuticle and often reddish discolouration, and the presence of white spots of 0.5 to 2.0 毫米 in diameter on the inside surface of the carapace（英语：carapace）, 附肢s, and cuticle over the abdominal segments.[2]

Pathology

In the host, WSSV infects a wide variety of 细胞s from ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Histological changes are seen in the 鳃 epithelium, antennal gland, haematopoeitic tissue, 神經組織, 结缔组织, and intestinal 上皮組織. Infected cells have prominent intranuclear occlusions that initially stain eosinophilic（英语：eosinophilic）, but become basophilic（英语：basophilic） with age; hypertrophied nuclei with chromatin margination; and cytoplasmic clearing.[13] Pathogenesis involves widespread tissue necrosis and disintegration.

White spots on the shell of infected shrimp under 扫描电子显微镜 appear as large, dome-shaped spots on the carapace measuring 0.3 to 3.0 mm in diameter. Smaller white spots of 0.02 to 0.10 mm appear as linked spheres on the cuticle surface. Chemical composition of the spots is similar to the carapace, calcium forming 80–90% of the total material, and may have derived from abnormalities of the cuticular epidermis.[14]

Several biochemical changes have been reported after infection with this virus:[15] 葡萄糖 consumption and plasma 乳酸 concentration increase, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity increases, and 三酸甘油酯 concentration decreases. The voltage-dependent anion channel of the 線粒體 is also upregulated.

Diagnosis

Infection with WSSV differs from other described penaeid infections yellowhead virus（英语：yellowhead virus） (YHV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in the described histological findings, as YHV has a reduced tissue specificity, infecting only the intestinal epithelial tissues and IHHNV causes intranuclear occlusions that stain eosinophilic, but do not change over the course of the infection.[13]

Rapid and specific diagnosis of the virus can be accomplished using 巢式聚合酶链式反应[13] or 即時聚合酶鏈式反應.[16]

治療

目前並未有任何方法可治療。

防範

為防範病毒爆發，目前只能夠在對蝦的養殖場進行大規模消毒。對於未受感染的蝦苗，使之遠離環境壓力、再加上非常程度的保護，是防止病毒污染的有效管理手段。 Site selection may be one of the most crucial in preventing WSS. Shrimp farmed in areas with relatively low temperature fluctuations and at water temperatures greater than 29°C had increased resistance to WSSV.[17]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Wang, HC; Hirono, I; Maningas, MBB; Somboonwiwat, K; Stentiford, G; ICTV Report, Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nimaviridae.. The Journal of General Virology. 2019-07, 100 (7): 1053–1054. PMID 30924764. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001248 （英语）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 ICTV Report Nimaviridae. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Viral Zone. ExPASy. [15 June 2015]. 
  4. ^ Non-Native Species Summaries: Whitespot Syndrome Baculovirus complex (WSBV). Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2003 [June 30, 2005]. （原始内容存档于October 18, 2005）. 
  5. ^ Lightner, D. V. A handbook of shrimp pathology and diagnostic procedures for diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. 1996. 
  6. ^ Chen, S. N. Current status of shrimp aquaculture in Taiwan.. C. L. Browdy; J. S. Hopkins (编). Swimming through troubled water. Proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming. Aquaculture ’95. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. 1995: 29–34 （英语）. 
  7. ^ Huang, J.; X. L. Song; J. Yu & C. H. Yang. Baculoviral hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis: study on the pathogen and pathology of the explosive epidemic disease of shrimp. Marine Fisheries Research. 1995, 16: 1–10 （英语）. 
  8. ^ White spot virus discovery in Queensland prawns prompts imported uncooked produce ban [白點症病毒於昆士蘭的明蝦發現，提醒禁止入口未經煮熟的產物]. ABC （英语）. 
  9. ^ White Spot Detected on Queensland Prawn Farm. The Fish Site. December 2, 2016 [2016-12-08]. 
  10. ^ Nadala, E. C. B. Jr.; L. M. Tapay & P. C. Loh. Characterization of a non-occluded baculovirus-like agent pathogenic to penaeid shrimp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1998, 33 (3): 221–229. PMID 9745719. doi:10.3354/dao033221 可免费查阅. 
  11. ^ Van Hulten, M. C. W.; J. Witteveldt; S. Peters; N. Kloosterboer; R. Tarchini; F. Fiers; H. Sandbrink; R. K. Lankhorst & J. M. Vlak. The white spot syndrome virus DNA genome sequence. Virology. 2001, 286 (1): 7–22. PMID 11448154. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1002. 
  12. ^ Wang, PH; Gu, ZH; Wan, DH; Zhang, MY; Weng, SP; Yu, XQ; He, JG. The shrimp NF-κB pathway is activated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) 449 to facilitate the expression of WSSV069 (ie1), WSSV303 and WSSV371.. PLOS ONE. 2011, 6 (9): e24773. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624773W. PMC 3171479 可免费查阅. PMID 21931849. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024773. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Wongteerasupaya, C.; J. E. Vickers; S. Sriurairatana; G. L. Nash; A. Akarajamorn; V. Boonseang; S. Panyin; A. Tassanakajon; B. Withyachumnarnkul & T. W. Flegel. A non-occluded, systemic baculovirus that occurs in cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin and causes high mortality in the black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1995, 21: 69–77. doi:10.3354/dao021069 可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Wang, C. S.; K. F. Tang; G. H. Kou & S. N. Chen. Light and electron microscopic evidence of white spot disease in the giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), and the kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus (Bate), cultured in Taiwan. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1997, 20 (5): 323–331. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00301.x. 
  15. ^ Chen IT, Aoki T, Huang YT, Hirono I, Chen TC, Huang JY, Chang GD, Lo CF, Wang KC (2011) White spot syndrome virus induces metabolic changes resembling the Warburg effect in shrimp hemocytes in the early stage of infection. J Virol
  16. ^ Dhar, A. K.; M. M. Roux & K. R. Klimpel. Detection and Quantification of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus and White Spot Virus in Shrimp Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and SYBR Green Chemistry. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001, 39 (8): 2835–2845. PMC 88247 可免费查阅. PMID 11474000. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.8.2835-2845.2001. 
  17. ^ Kakoolaki, S.; Sharifpour, I.; Afsharnasab, M.; Sepahdari, A.; Mehrabi, M.R.; Ghaednia, B.; Nezamabadi, H. Effects of temperature on hematological and histopathological changes and survival rate of juvenile Fenneropenaeus vannamei experimentally challenged to White Spot Virus. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 2014, 13 (1): 91–102 （英语）. 

外部連結

DNA
 
有尾噬菌體目 Caudovirales
疱疹病毒目 Herpesvirales
線狀病毒目 Ligamenvirales
未分类
核质巨DNA病毒 NLCDV
无套膜
未分类
 
RNA
 
 
網巢病毒目 Nidovirales
微小核糖病毒目 Picornavirales
蕪菁黃花葉病毒目 Tymovirales
未分类
 
單股反鏈病毒目 Mononegavirales
未分类
逆转录病毒
 
 

Template:Crustacean diseases

分類單元識別碼
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