橢圓坐標系

基本定義

${\displaystyle x=a\ \cosh \mu \ \cos \nu }$
${\displaystyle y=a\ \sinh \mu \ \sin \nu }$

${\displaystyle x+iy=a\ \cosh(\mu +i\nu )}$

${\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}\cosh ^{2}\mu }}+{\frac {y^{2}}{a^{2}\sinh ^{2}\mu }}=\cos ^{2}\nu +\sin ^{2}\nu =1}$
${\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}\cos ^{2}\nu }}-{\frac {y^{2}}{a^{2}\sin ^{2}\nu }}=\cosh ^{2}\mu -\sinh ^{2}\mu =1}$

標度因子

${\displaystyle h_{\mu }=h_{\nu }=a{\sqrt {\sinh ^{2}\mu +\sin ^{2}\nu }}}$

${\displaystyle h_{\mu }=h_{\nu }=a{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}(\cosh 2\mu -\cos 2\nu }})}$

${\displaystyle dA=a^{2}\left(\sinh ^{2}\mu +\sin ^{2}\nu \right)d\mu d\nu }$
${\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\Phi ={\frac {1}{a^{2}\left(\sinh ^{2}\mu +\sin ^{2}\nu \right)}}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial \mu ^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\Phi }{\partial \nu ^{2}}}\right)}$

第二種定義

${\displaystyle d_{1}+d_{2}=2a\sigma }$
${\displaystyle d_{1}-d_{2}=2a\tau }$

${\displaystyle d_{1}=a(\sigma +\tau )}$
${\displaystyle d_{2}=a(\sigma -\tau )}$

${\displaystyle x=a\sigma \tau }$
${\displaystyle y^{2}=a^{2}\left(\sigma ^{2}-1\right)\left(1-\tau ^{2}\right)}$

第二種標度因子

${\displaystyle h_{\sigma }=a{\sqrt {\frac {\sigma ^{2}-\tau ^{2}}{\sigma ^{2}-1}}}}$
${\displaystyle h_{\tau }=a{\sqrt {\frac {\sigma ^{2}-\tau ^{2}}{1-\tau ^{2}}}}}$

${\displaystyle dA=a^{2}{\frac {\sigma ^{2}-\tau ^{2}}{\sqrt {\left(\sigma ^{2}-1\right)\left(1-\tau ^{2}\right)}}}d\sigma d\tau }$
${\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\Phi ={\frac {1}{a^{2}\left(\sigma ^{2}-\tau ^{2}\right)}}\left[{\sqrt {\sigma ^{2}-1}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \sigma }}\left({\sqrt {\sigma ^{2}-1}}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial \sigma }}\right)+{\sqrt {1-\tau ^{2}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \tau }}\left({\sqrt {1-\tau ^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial \tau }}\right)\right]}$

參考文獻

• Morse PM, Feshbach H. Methods of Theoretical Physics, Part I. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1953: p. 657. ISBN 0-07-043316-X.
• Margenau H, Murphy GM. The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry. New York: D. van Nostrand. 1956: pp. 182–183.
• Korn GA. Korn TM. Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1961: p. 179.