準國家
外观
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準國家(英語:quasi-state)或似國家實體(英語:state-like entity)[1],包括所謂的原國家(英語:proto-state)[2][1],存在一定程度制度化的政府,可以自治,但尚未擁有主權的政治實體,接近於主權國家的狀況但尚未成為主權國家[3]。
政治學研究中對準國家的精確定義會根據使用的上下文情況而變化。一些現代學者已經用它來描述自治的英國殖民地和附屬地,這些殖民地和附屬地實行部分殖民地方自治,但仍然作為大英帝國的重要組成部分,首先受到倫敦政府的管理[4]。同樣,联邦制国家成员,如蘇聯內部擁有各行政單位的蘇維埃共和國也被稱為準國家[3]。
在最近的用法中,“準國家”一詞最常被提起來是指那些主張並對某一地區行使某種形式的領土控制但缺乏機構凝聚力的激進分裂主義團體。準國家包括波斯尼亞戰爭期間的塞族共和國和黑塞哥-波斯尼亚克罗地亚共和国[5]、2012年马里共和国圖阿雷格人叛亂期間的阿扎瓦德、敘利亞內戰期間興起的伊斯蘭國[6][2][7][8]。
現今準國家列表
[编辑]历史上准国家列表
[编辑]准国家 | 母国 | 取得独立 | 存在年份 | 来源 |
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法律独立 | 1976–1994 | [17] |
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法律独立 | 1979–1994 | [17] |
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法律独立 | 1981–1994 | [17] |
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法律独立 | 1977–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1971–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1972–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1974–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1972–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1981–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1981–1994 | [17] |
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否 | 1972–1989 | [17] |
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否 | 1970–1989 | [17] |
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否 | 1973–1989 | [17] |
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否 | 1973–1989 | [17] |
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是 | 1915–1991 | [18] |
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是 | 1945–1991 | [19] |
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是 | 1943–1991 | [19] |
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是 | 1943–1992 | [19] |
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是 | 1945–2006 | [19] |
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是 | 1945–2006 | [19] |
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是 | 1945–1991 | [19] |
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否 | 1992–1999 | [20] |
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否 | 1991–1995 | [21] |
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是 | 1969–1993 | [22] |
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是 | 1969–1993 | [22] |
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法律独立 | 1919–1939 | |
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法律独立 | 1848–1918 | |
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否 | 1918–1919 | |
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是 | 1917–1921 | |
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否 | 2014年3月11日至18日 | [23][24] |
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否 | 1991–2000 | [25] |
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否 | 1917–1918 | |
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否 | 1918 | |
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否 | 1918–1924 | [26] |
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条约联盟共和国 | 1923–1940 | |
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条约联盟共和国 | 1924–1940 | |
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是 | 1917–1991 | [3] |
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是 | 1920–1991 | |
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是 | 1919–1991 | [27] |
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是 | 1940–1991 | |
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否 | 1918 | |
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否 | 1931–1937 | [28] |
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否 | 1921–2019 | [4] |
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是 | 1963–1965 | [4] |
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是 | 1820–1971 | [29] |
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是 | 1776-1783 | |
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是 | 1964–1974 | [note 3] |
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是 | 2005–2011 | [31] |
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法律独立 | 2012–2013 | [5] |
注釋
[编辑]- ^ Although officially controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, the Gaza Strip is administered separately and has achieved its own unique sub-national status as a Palestinian proto-state.[11]
- ^ Jubaland declared itself independent of Somalia in 1998.[13] It technically rejoined Somalia in 2001 when its ruling Juba Valley Alliance became part of the country's Transitional Federal Government. However, Jubaland has continued to persist as a more or less autonomous state.[14]
- ^ The erosion of Portuguese military control over northern Mozambique during the Mozambican War of Independence allowed local guerrillas to establish a proto-state there, which survived until the war ended in 1974. Home to about a million people, the miniature insurgent proto-state was managed by FRELIMO's civilian wing and was able to provide administrative services, open trade relations with Tanzania, and even supervise the construction of its own schools and hospitals with foreign aid.[30]
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker. Quasi-State. Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law 3rd. 牛津: 牛津大學出版社. 2009: 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921 (英语).
A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .
- ^ 2.0 2.1 How the Islamic State Declared War on the World. Foreign Policy. [2016-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hahn, Gordon. Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985-2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 2002: 527. ISBN 978-0765800497.
- ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 4.61 4.62 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.70 4.71 4.72 4.73 4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.80 4.81 Griffiths, Ryan. Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2016: 85–102, 213–242 [2021-04-17]. ISBN 978-1107161627. (原始内容存档于2021-04-17).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Alvarado, David. Independent Azawad: Tuaregs, Jihadists, and an Uncertain Future for Mali (PDF). Barcelona: Barcelona Center for International Affairs. May 2012 [25 March 2017]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-03-25).
- ^ Lia, Brynjar. Understanding Jihadi Proto-States. Perspectives on Terrorism. 2015-07-21, 9 (4) [2021-04-17]. ISSN 2334-3745. (原始内容存档于2019-10-31) (英语).
- ^ The caliphate cracks. The Economist. [2016-07-20]. ISSN 0013-0613. (原始内容存档于2018-01-06).
- ^ The Islamic State: More than a Terrorist Group?. E-International Relations. [2016-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-19).
- ^ Euromosaic - Swedish in Finland. www.uoc.edu. [2017-11-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Tillery, Virginia. Faris, Hani , 编. The Failure of the Two-State Solution: The Prospects of One State in the Israel-Palestine Conflict. London: I.B.Tauris, Publishers. 2013: 28–29. ISBN 978-1780760940.
- ^ Dyer, Gwynne. Crawling from the Wreckage. Toronto: Random House of Canada, Ltd. 2010: 298. ISBN 978-0307358929.
- ^ Dyer, Gwynne. Don't Panic: ISIS, Terror and Today's Middle East. Toronto: Random House Canada. 2015: 105–107. ISBN 978-0345815866.
- ^ Piskunova, Natalia. Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia , 编. Order and Disorder in the International System. London: Routledge Books. 2010: 126. ISBN 978-140940505-4.
- ^ Somalia. World Statesmen. [March 9, 2006]. (原始内容存档于2006-02-09). - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Palmer, Andrew. The New Pirates: Modern Global Piracy from Somalia to the South China Sea. London: I.B. Tauris, Publishers. 2014: 74. ISBN 978-1848856332.
- ^ Roeder, Philip. Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2007: 281. ISBN 978-0691134673.
- ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 Marx, Anthony. Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 106. ISBN 978-0521585903.
- ^ Hague Academy of International Law. Recueil des cours: Collected courses of the Hague Academy of International Law. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, Publishers. 1978: 100–101. ISBN 978-90-286-0759-0.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 引用错误:没有为名为
Kosovo1
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognized the Republic of Kosova 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期April 20, 2012,.
- ^ Glaurdic, Josip. The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2011: 149. ISBN 978-0300166293.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 引用错误:没有为名为
Newton
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia. BBC News. 2014-03-06 [2022-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-25) (英国英语).
- ^ de Charbonnel, Alissa. How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow. Reuters. 2014-03-12 [2020-04-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-29) (英语).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Coggins
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Reeves, Madeleine. Border Work: Spatial Lives of the State in Rural Central Asia
. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2014: 66. ISBN 978-0801477065.
- ^ Ryabchuk, Mykola. Between Civil Society and the New Etatism: Democracy in the Making and State Building in Ukraine. Kennedy, Michael D. (编). Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1994: 135. ISBN 0-472-10556-6.
For Ukraine, even the formal declaration of the Ukrainian SSR, however puppet like, was extremely important. First, it somewhat legitimized the very existence of the Ukrainian state and nation, even if by an “inviolable” union with Russia. Second, it provided an opportunity to create certain state structure, establish state symbols, and even attain an only informal but, as it turned out, crucial membership in the United Nations. Third, the formal existence of the Ukrainian SSR as a distinct ethnic, territorial, and administrative entity with state like features objectively created a legitimate and psychological basis for the eventual formation of a political nation. It has proven much easier to change a nominal “sovereignty” to a real one than to build a state out of several provinces (gubernia) threatened by foreign intervention and civil war, as in 1917–20.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Geography
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. Dargin, Justin , 编. The Rise of the Global South: Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. 2013: 155–156. ISBN 978-9814397803.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Sellström
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Suzuki, Eisuke. Noortmann, Math; Reinisch, August; Ryngaert, Cedric , 编. Non-State Actors in International Law. Portland: Hart Publishing. 2015: 40. ISBN 978-1849465113.