酒精耐受性
酒精耐受性（英语：Alcohol tolerance）是指身体对酒精饮料中的乙醇成分功能所做的反应。包括直接耐受性、从大量饮酒中恢复的速度、以及对抗酒精使用疾患发生的能力。
饮用引起的耐受性[编辑]
经常饮酒会增加酒精耐受性。[1]耐受性产生之后，会把身体对于酒精的敏感性降低，而后要摄取更多的酒精，才能达到之前相同的陶醉效果。酒精耐受性可能会导致（或是显示出迹象）酒精依赖的结果。[1]
经过多年大量饮酒会导致“反向耐受”的结果。因为长期饮酒会损坏肝脏，让脂肪和疤痕组织堆积。[2]肝脏损坏后，代谢（即分解酒精）的能力会降低，表示摄取少量的酒精就会导致血液酒精浓度 (BAC) 升高，和更快的酒精中毒。[3]
酒精耐受生理学原理[编辑]
直接酒精耐受性在很大程度上取决于人体的体型。体型较大的人与体型较小的人相比，需要更多的酒精才能达到醉酒的状态。[4]由于男性平均的体积比女性大，通常会具有更高的酒精耐受性。酒精耐受性还与肝脏和血液中的醇脱氢酶（ADH，一组负责分解酒精的酶）的活性有关联。
高水平的醇脱氢酶活性会让乙醇快速转化为毒性更大的乙醛。酗酒者所具有的非典型醇脱氢酶速率通常会低于非酗酒者。[5]
据估计有二十分之一的人会发生酒精性脸红反应。但这种反应绝不能当作饮者醉酒的指标。[6][7]当身体更快地把酒精代谢成乙醛（一种有毒代谢产物）时，就会发生轻微的潮红反应。[5][8]当身体代谢乙醛的速度较慢时，会发生更严重的潮红反应，这情况通常是因为乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）失活的结果。前述的两种情况 - 酒精转化为乙醛的速度较快，以及乙醛被去除的速度较慢 - 会把过度饮酒和酒精依赖的风险降低。[5]
不同种族间酒精耐受性[编辑]
饮酒和发展出酒精使用疾患似乎是灵长目动物的常见现象，而不仅是人类的特有现象。[9]人类与非人类灵长目动物相比，获得酒精的数量会更大，尤其是因为农业发展，酒精供应量大增的缘故。[10]世界人口中，对酒精的耐受性各不相同。[11]醇脱氢酶的遗传学显示人类对于酒精的抗性是在各种不同的文化中独立发展而出。[12]在北美的原住民，与欧洲人和亚洲人相比，发生酒精使用疾患的可能性最高。[13][14][15][16]亚洲群体内部，例如中国人和韩国人之间，也存在不同的酒精耐受性。[17]根据报导，对于欧洲人后裔而言，适度的饮酒对健康的好处，似乎并未发生在非洲人后裔身上。[18]
较高体型和较高水平的醇脱氢酶的人会有较高的酒精耐受性，而成人体重和酶也因种族而异。[19][20]然而，并非所有耐受性差异都和生物化学有关。[21]耐受水平差异还会受到社会经济和文化差异，包括饮食、平均体重、和消费模式的影响。[21][22][23]
参见[编辑]
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Alcohol and Tolerance. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Alcohol Alert. April 1995, (28) [2009-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-04）.
- ^ Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease. UC San Diego Health. [4 October 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17）.
- ^ Alcohol and Your Body. UC SANTA CRUZ. [9 August 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-14）.
- ^ Factors That Affect How Alcohol is Absorbed & Metabolized. Student affairs - Office of Alcohol Policy and Education. Stanford University. [26 May 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-09）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hurley TD, Edenberg HJ. Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism. Alcohol Res. 2012, 34 (3): 339–344. PMC 3756590
. PMID 23134050.
- ^ Myth or reality? The Asian alcohol 'gene' explained. Difford's Guide. September 10, 2013 [2013-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-22）.
- ^ Identifying the Signs of Intoxication (PDF). Government of Western Australia. December 2010. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于March 27, 2011）.
- ^ Eng, MY; Luczak, SE; Wall, TL. ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes: A literature review. Alcohol Research & Health. 2007, 30 (1): 22–7. PMC 3860439 . PMID 17718397.
- ^ Juarez, J; Guzman-Flores, C; Ervin, FR; Palmour, RM. Voluntary alcohol consumption in vervet monkeys: individual, sex, and age differences.. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. December 1993, 46 (4): 985–8. PMID 8309979. S2CID 33697201. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90232-I.
- ^ Curry, A. Our 9,000-Year Love Affair With Booze. National Geographic. 2017-01-17 [26 May 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-29）.
- ^ Chan, AW. Racial differences in alcohol sensitivity.. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1986, 21 (1): 93–104. PMID 2937417.
- ^ Osier, Michael V.; Pakstis, Andrew J.; Soodyall, Himla; Comas, David; Goldman, David; Odunsi, Adekunle; Okonofua, Friday; Parnas, Josef; et al. A Global Perspective on Genetic Variation at the ADH Genes Reveals Unusual Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium and Diversity. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002, 71 (1): 84–99. PMC 384995 . PMID 12050823. doi:10.1086/341290.
- ^ Alcohol Use Disorder. NY Times. 2013 [July 21, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-15）.
- ^ Mail & al. (eds., 2002): Alcohol Use Among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Multiple Perspectives on a Complex Problem. NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism[页码请求]
- ^ Caetano, Raul; Clark, Catherine L. Trends in Alcohol-Related Problems among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1995. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1998, 22 (2): 534–538. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03685.x.
- ^ Karen Chartier; Raul Caetano. Ethnicity and Health Disparities in Alcohol Research. [2021-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-26）.
- ^ Duranceaux & al. Ethnic differences in level of response to alcohol between Chinese Americans and Korean Americans.. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008, 69 (2): 227–234. PMC 2739570 . PMID 18299763. doi:10.15288/jsad.2008.69.227.
- ^ Jackson, Chandra L.; Hu, Frank B.; Kawachi, Ichiro; Williams, David R.; Mukamal, Kenneth J.; Rimm, Eric B. Black–White Differences in the Relationship Between Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Mortality Among US Men and Women. American Journal of Public Health. July 2015, 105 (S3): S534–S543. PMC 4455501 . PMID 25905819. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302615.
- ^ Yin, S. -J.; Cheng, T. -C.; Chang, C. -P.; Chen, Y. -J.; Chao, Y. -C.; Tang, H. -S.; Chang, T. -M.; Wu, C. -W. Human stomach alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH): A genetic model proposed for ALDH III isozymes. Biochemical Genetics. 1988, 26 (5–6): 343–60. PMID 3214414. S2CID 9315241. doi:10.1007/BF00554070.
- ^ Fenna, D; Schaefer, O; Mix, L; Gilbert, JA. Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1971, 105 (5): 472–5. PMC 1931291 . PMID 5112118.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Bennion L.; Li T. K. Alcohol metabolism in American Indians and whites. New England Journal of Medicine. 1976, 294 (1): 9–13. PMID 1244489. doi:10.1056/nejm197601012940103.
- ^ Waldram, J. B.; Herring, A. & Young, K. Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1995 [2021-08-16]. ISBN 9780802085795. （原始内容存档于2014-08-16）.
- ^ Saggers, S. & Gray, D. (1998b). Dealing with Alcohol: Indigenous Usage in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press[页码请求]
资料来源[编辑]
- Carroll, Charles R. Drugs in Modern Society . NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000 (fifth ed.).
- Chesher, G.; Greeley, J. Tolerance to the effects of alcohol. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving. 1992, 8 (2): 93–106.
- Osier, M; Pakstis, AJ; Kidd, JR; Lee, JF; Yin, SJ; Ko, HC; Edenberg, HJ; Lu, RB; Kidd, KK. Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999, 64 (4): 1147–57. PMC 1377839 . PMID 10090900. doi:10.1086/302317.
- Muramatsu, T; Wang, ZC; Fang, YR; Hu, KB; Yan, H; Yamada, K; Higuchi, S; Harada, S; Kono, H. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and drinking behavior of Chinese living in Shanghai. Human Genetics. 1995, 96 (2): 151–4. PMID 7635462. S2CID 1624596. doi:10.1007/BF00207371.
- Neumark, YD; Friedlander, Y; Thomasson, HR; Li, TK. Association of the ADH2*2 allele with reduced ethanol consumption in Jewish men in Israel: A pilot study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1998, 59 (2): 133–9. PMID 9500299. doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.133.
- Borinskaya, S. A.; Gasemianrodsari, F.; Kalyina, N. R.; Sokolova, M. V.; Yankovsky, N. K. Polymorphism of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene ADH1B in Eastern Slavic and Iranian-Speaking Populations. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2005, 41 (11): 1291–4. S2CID 4686166. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0231-5. Translated from Polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH1B in eastern Slavic and Iranian-speaking populations. Genetika. 2005, 41 (11): 1563–6. PMID 16358724.
- Borinskaya, Svetlana; Kal'Ina, Nina; Marusin, Andrey; Faskhutdinova, Gulnaz; Morozova, Irina; Kutuev, Ildus; Koshechkin, Vladimir; Khusnutdinova, Elza; et al. Distribution of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH1B∗47His Allele in Eurasia. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009, 84 (1): 89–92; author reply 92–4. PMC 2668054 . PMID 19124091. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.12.007.
- Li, Hui; Borinskaya, Svetlana; Yoshimura, Kimio; Kal’Ina, Nina; Marusin, Andrey; Stepanov, Vadim A.; Qin, Zhendong; Khaliq, Shagufta; et al. Refined Geographic Distribution of the Oriental ALDH2*504Lys (nee 487Lys) Variant. Annals of Human Genetics. 2009, 73 (3): 335–45. PMC 2846302 . PMID 19456322. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00517.x.
延伸阅读[编辑]
- Caetano R, Clark CL, Tam T. Alcohol consumption among racial/ethnic minorities: theory and research (PDF). Alcohol Health Res World. 1998, 22 (4): 233–41. PMC 6761890 . PMID 15706749. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于June 16, 2015）.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||