铑的同位素
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标准原子质量 (Ar, 标准) |
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铑(原子量:102.90549(2))共有58个同位素,其中有1个同位素是稳定的。天然存在的铑元素中,只由一种同位素构成,即唯一稳定的铑同位素——103
Rh
[2]。除了稳定的铑-103之外,最稳定的同位素为101
Rh
,半衰期约为3年又3个多月[3],再来是102
Rh
,半衰期约207天[3],还有99
Rh
,半衰期16天两小时[3],以及105
Rh
半衰期一天又十一小时[3]和100
Rh
,半衰期20小时48分钟[3],其馀同位素半衰期皆在一小时以下[3],稳定性最差的是124
Rh
,半衰期只有391奈秒[4]。也有一些较稳定的核同质异能素,例如102m
Rh
,激发能量约为十四万零一千电子伏特,拥有半衰期约3.7年,以及101m
Rh
,激发能量约为十五万零七千电子伏特,拥有半衰期约4.34天[5]。
铑的同位素中,在103
Rh
之前,主要的衰变模式为正电子发射,而在103
Rh
之后则主要为β衰变。
铑-100
[编辑]铑-100是铑的一种放射性同位素,是目前已知铑的同位素中拥有最多种核异构体(或核同质异能素)的同位素,也是铑的放射性同位素中,第五稳定的同位素[3],质量欠缺是负值,约为-85.5868 MeV[6],半衰期为20.8小时,会经由发射一颗正电子(β+ )衰变为100
Ru
。
铑-100有除了激发能量为0的100
Rh
之外还有三种不同的核同质异能素:100m1
Rh
、100m2
Rh
、100m3
Rh
,但是最稳定的仍是基态的100
Rh
。100m1
Rh
激发能量为107.6 keV,质量欠缺略高于100
Rh
,为-85.4792 MeV[6],但半衰期不到100
Rh
的0.5%,只有4.6分钟[3],有98.3%的100m1
Rh
会回到基态100
Rh
,另外的1.7%会和基态100
Rh
一样经过β+衰变为100
Ru
[3]。
另外两个核同质异能素则十分不稳定,100m2
Rh
(激发能量:74.78 keV)半衰期只有214奈秒,而100m3
Rh
(激发能量:112 keV)半衰期则更短,仅有130奈秒[3]。
铑-103
[编辑]铑-103是铑的同位素中唯一稳定且唯一天然存在的同位素,在地壳中的丰度约只有2 × 10−10[7],可由钌或钯衰变而得,也可以经由重元素裂变而产生,因此铑-103是一种裂变产物。103
Rh
有一种核同质异能素,103m
Rh
,激发能量为39.756 keV,但其比103
Rh
不稳定很多,半衰期只有56分钟,会经由IT衰变回稳定的103
Rh
[3]。
103
Rh
是235
U
的裂变产物之一,因此,裂变产物中都会含有一些微量的铂系金属包括铑,因此可能可以从二手核燃料中提炼出铑-103或其他的同位素。然而,提取过程十分复杂且昂贵,已经没有用此种方法大规模的提炼103
Rh
或其他的同位素的尝试[8][9][10]。
图表
[编辑]符号 | Z | N | 同位素质量(u)[11] [n 1][n 2] |
半衰期 [n 1][n 2] |
衰变 方式[3] |
衰变 产物 [n 3] |
原子核 自旋[n 1] |
相对丰度 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激发能量[n 1][n 2] | ||||||||
89Rh | 45 | 44 | 88.94884(48)# | 10# ms [>1.5 µs] |
β+ | 89Ru | 7/2+# | |
90Rh | 45 | 45 | 89.94287(54)# | 15(7) ms [12(+9-4) ms] |
β+ | 90Ru | 0+# | |
90mRh | 0(500)# keV | 1.1(3) s [1.0(+3-2) s] |
9+# | |||||
91Rh | 45 | 46 | 90.93655(43)# | 1.74(14) s | β+ | 91Ru | 7/2+# | |
91mRh | 1.46(11) s | (1/2-) | ||||||
92Rh | 45 | 47 | 91.93198(43)# | 4.3(13) s | β+ | 92Ru | (6+) | |
92mRh | 4.66(25) s [2.9(+15-8) s] |
(>=6+) | ||||||
93Rh | 45 | 48 | 92.92574(43)# | 11.9(7) s | β+ | 93Ru | 9/2+# | |
94Rh | 45 | 49 | 93.92170(48)# | 70.6(6) s | β+ (98.2%) | 94Ru | (2+,4+) | |
β+, p (1.79%) | 93Tc | |||||||
94mRh | 300(200)# keV | 25.8(2) s | β+ | 94Ru | (8+) | |||
95Rh | 45 | 50 | 94.91590(16) | 5.02(10) min | β+ | 95Ru | (9/2)+ | |
95mRh | 543.3(3) keV | 1.96(4) min | IT (88%) | 95Rh | (1/2)- | |||
β+ (12%) | 95Ru | |||||||
96Rh | 45 | 51 | 95.914461(14) | 9.90(10) min | β+ | 96Ru | (6+) | |
96mRh | 52.0(1) keV | 1.51(2) min | IT (60%) | 96Rh | (3+) | |||
β+ (40%) | 96Ru | |||||||
97Rh | 45 | 52 | 96.91134(4) | 30.7(6) min | β+ | 97Ru | 9/2+ | |
97mRh | 258.85(17) keV | 46.2(16) min | β+ (94.4%) | 97Ru | 1/2- | |||
IT (5.6%) | 97Rh | |||||||
98Rh | 45 | 53 | 97.910708(13) | 8.72(12) min | β+ | 98Ru | (2)+ | |
98mRh | 60(50)# keV | 3.6(2) min | IT | 98Rh | (5+) | |||
β+ | 98Ru | |||||||
99Rh | 45 | 54 | 98.908132(8) | 16.1(2) d | β+ | 99Ru | 1/2- | |
99mRh | 64.3(4) keV | 4.7(1) h | β+ (99.83%) | 99Ru | 9/2+ | |||
IT (.16%) | 99Rh | |||||||
100Rh | 45 | 55 | 99.908122(20) | 20.8(1) h | β+ | 100Ru | 1- | |
100m1Rh | 107.6(2) keV | 4.6(2) min | IT (98.3%) | 100Rh | (5+) | |||
β+ (1.7%) | 100Ru | |||||||
100m2Rh | 74.78(2) keV | 214.0(20) ns | (2)+ | |||||
100m3Rh | 112.0+X keV | 130(10) ns | (7+) | |||||
101Rh | 45 | 56 | 100.906164(18) | 3.3(3) y | ε | 101Ru | 1/2- | |
101mRh | 157.32(4) keV | 4.34(1) d | ε (93.6%) | 101Ru | 9/2+ | |||
IT (6.4%) | Rh | |||||||
102Rh | 45 | 57 | 101.906843(5) | 207.0(15) d | β+ (80%) | 102Ru | (1-,2-) | |
β− (20%) | 102Pd | |||||||
102mRh | 140.75(8) keV | 3.742(10) y | β+ (99.77%) | 102Ru | 6+ | |||
IT (.23%) | 102Rh | |||||||
103 Rh [n 4] |
45 | 58 | 102.905504(3) | 稳定 | 1/2- | 1.0000 | ||
103mRh | 39.756(6) keV | 56.114(9) min | IT | 103Rh | 7/2+ | |||
104Rh | 45 | 59 | 103.906656(3) | 42.3(4) s | β− (99.55%) | 104Pd | 1+ | |
β+ (.449%) | 104Ru | |||||||
104mRh | 128.967(4) keV | 4.34(3) min | 5+ | |||||
105Rh[n 4] | 45 | 60 | 104.905694(4) | 35.36(6) h | β− | 105Pd | 7/2+ | |
105mRh | 129.781(4) keV | 42.9(3) s | IT | 105Rh | 1/2- | |||
β− | 105Pd | |||||||
106Rh | 45 | 61 | 105.907287(8) | 29.80(8) s | β− | 106Pd | 1+ | |
106mRh | 136(12) keV | 131(2) min | β− | 106Pd | (6)+ | |||
107Rh | 45 | 62 | 106.906748(13) | 21.7(4) min | β− | 107Pd | 7/2+ | |
107mRh | 268.36(4) keV | >10 µs | 1/2- | |||||
108Rh | 45 | 63 | 107.90873(11) | 16.8(5) s | β− | 108Pd | 1+ | |
108mRh | -60(110) keV | 6.0(3) min | β− | 108Pd | (5)(+#) | |||
109Rh | 45 | 64 | 108.908737(13) | 80(2) s | β− | 109Pd | 7/2+ | |
110Rh | 45 | 65 | 109.91114(5) | 28.5(15) s | β− | 110Pd | (>3)(+#) | |
110mRh | -60(50) keV | 3.2(2) s | β− | 110Pd | 1+ | |||
111Rh | 45 | 66 | 110.91159(3) | 11(1) s | β− | 111Pd | (7/2+) | |
112Rh | 45 | 67 | 111.91439(6) | 3.45(37) s | β− | 112Pd | 1+ | |
112mRh | 330(70) keV | 6.73(15) s | β− | 112Pd | (4,5,6) | |||
113Rh | 45 | 68 | 112.91553(5) | 2.80(12) s | β− | 113Pd | (7/2+) | |
114Rh | 45 | 69 | 113.91881(12) | 1.85(5) s | β− (>99.9%) | 114Pd | 1+ | |
β−, n (<.1%) | 113Pd | |||||||
114mRh | 200(150)# keV | 1.85(5) s | β− | 114Pd | (4,5) | |||
115Rh | 45 | 70 | 114.92033(9) | 0.99(5) s | β− | 115Pd | (7/2+)# | |
116Rh | 45 | 71 | 115.92406(15) | 0.68(6) s | β− (>99.9%) | 116Pd | 1+ | |
β−, n (<.1%) | 115Pd | |||||||
116mRh | 200(150)# keV | 570(50) ms | β− | 116Pd | (6-) | |||
117Rh | 45 | 72 | 116.92598(54)# | 0.44(4) s | β− | 117Pd | (7/2+)# | |
118Rh | 45 | 73 | 117.93007(54)# | 310(30) ms | β− | 118Pd | (4-10)(+#) | |
119Rh | 45 | 74 | 118.93211(64)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] |
β− | 119Pd | 7/2+# | |
120Rh | 45 | 75 | 119.93641(64)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] |
β− | 120Pd | ||
121Rh | 45 | 76 | 120.93872(97)# | 100# ms [>300 ns] |
β− | 121Pd | 7/2+# | |
122Rh | 45 | 77 | 121.94321(75)# | 50# ms [>300 ns] |
||||
123 Rh |
45 | 78 | 122.94605(6)# | > 403 ns[12] | β−[12] | 123Pd | 7/2+# | |
β−, n[12] | 122Pd | |||||||
124 Rh [4] |
45 | 79 | (123.949382)# | (> 391) ns[4] | β−, 2n[4] | 122 Pd |
||
β−, n[4] | 123 Pd | |||||||
β−[4] | 124 Pd | |||||||
125 Rh [13] |
45 | 80 | (124.9527)# | > (393)# ns[13] | β−[13] | 125Pd | 7/2+# | |
β−, n[13] | 124Pd | |||||||
126 Rh |
45 | 81 | (125.96)# | β−[14] | 126Pd | |||
β−, n[14] | 125Pd |
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 画上#号的数据代表没有经过实验的证明,仅为理论推测。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 用括号括起来的数据代表不确定性。
- ^ 稳定的衰变产物以粗体表示。
- ^ 4.0 4.1 核裂变产物
← | 同位素列表 | → |
钌的同位素 | 铑的同位素 | 钯的同位素 |
参考文献
[编辑]- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
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