馬達加斯加豬籠草

馬達加斯加豬籠草
	產於馬達加斯加馬南泰尼納附近的馬達加斯加豬籠草的上位籠
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae
屬：	豬籠草屬 Nepenthes
種：	馬達加斯加豬籠草 N. madagascariensis
二名法
	Nepenthes madagascariensis; Poir. (1797)
	馬達加斯加豬籠草的分布地
異名
	同物異名 Nepenthes cristata; Brongn. (1824); [=N. alata/N. madagascariensis]; Nepenthes distillatoria; auct. non L.: Brion (1855); 前林奈名 "Amramatico"; de Flacourt (1658);

馬達加斯加豬籠草（學名：Nepenthes madagascariensis）是馬達加斯加東部海岸特有的熱帶食蟲植物。其種加詞「madagascariensis」意為「馬達加斯加的」。^[4]其為馬達加斯加特有的兩種豬籠草之一，另一種為馬索亞拉半島豬籠草（N. masoalensis）。

其種加詞「madagascariensis」意為「馬達加斯加的」。

植物學史

馬達加斯加豬籠草是人類發現的第一種豬籠草屬植物；艾蒂安·德弗拉古（Étienne de Flacourt）於1658年發現，並將其命名為「Amramatico」。在他發表的開創性著作《馬達加斯加島的歷史》（Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagasca）中對馬達加斯加豬籠草進行了描述。他這樣寫道：^{[注 1]}^[6]

“

這種植物高約3英尺，葉片約7英寸長，在葉片的末端有一個類似果實或花朵一樣的帶蓋花瓶狀結構。其有黃色的也有紅色的，黃色的最大。這個國家的人都不會去摘這些花朵，因為他們認為如果有人摘它們，那麼那天將不停的下雨。而我和其他所有的法國人摘了它，但卻沒有下雨。雨後這些花朵會裝滿雨水，每個都含有不少於半杯。

”

生態關係

馬達加斯加豬籠草存在於馬達加斯加的東部海岸，北至馬索亞拉半島。常見於南部陶拉納魯附近的島嶼上。馬達加斯加豬籠草通常生長於沼澤邊緣及低地泥炭或砂質土壤中。^[7]

在馬達加斯加豬籠草的捕蟲籠內至少存在着2種底內動物，分別為球腹蛛（Theridion decaryi）及Synema obscuripes。^[8]

種下類群

N. madagascariensis var. macrocarpa Scott Elliot (1891)
N. madagascariensis var. cylindrica Dub. (1906)

注釋

^ 其翻譯自法文《婆羅洲的豬籠草》，其原文：^[5]

“

It is a plant growing about 3 feet high which carries at the end of its leaves, which are 7 inches long, a hollow flower or fruit resembling a small vase, with its own lid, a wonderful sight. There are red ones and yellow ones, the yellow being the biggest. The inhabitants of this country are reluctant to pick the flowers, saying that if somebody does pick them in passing, it will not fail to rain that day. As to that, I and all the other Frenchmen did pick them, but it did not rain. After rain these flowers are full of water, each one containing a good half-glass.

”

參考文獻

^ Clarke, C.M. Nepenthes madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T39672A143961455 [2022-08-01]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39672A143961455.en .
^ Poiret, J.L.M. 1797. Népente. In: J.B. Lamarck Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique Vol. 4.
^ （法文） Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
^ 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 76. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ de Flacourt, É. 1658. Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar.
^ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [11 May 2006]. Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3).
^ Rembold, K., E. Fischer, B.F. Striffler & W. Barthlott 2012. Crab spider association with the Malagasy pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. African Journal of Ecology 51(1): 188–191. doi:10.1111/aje.12037

Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
（拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
Masters, M.T. 1881. Nepenthes madagascariensis, Hort. Veitch (?) ; Poiret. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(413): 685.
Fashing, N.J. 2010. Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).PDF In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5
Grjebine, A. 1979. Les moustiques des Nepenthes de Madagascar: espèces nouvelles du genre Uranotaenia (Diptera, Culicidae).PDF Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 15(1): 53–74.
James, G. 1988. Some observations of a population of Nepenthes madagascariensis in Madagascar.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 17(4): 102–103.
Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes madagascariensis. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 134–135.
McPherson, S. 2010. An expedition to Madagascar. Planta Carnivora 32(1): 6–13.
Meimberg, H., P. Dittrich, G. Bringmann, J. Schlauer & G. Heubl 2000. Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. based on matK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa. Plant Biology 2(2): 218–228. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9460
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
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Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
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Rembold, K., E. Fischer, M.A. Wetzel & W. Barthlott 2010. Prey composition of the pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26(4): 365–372. doi:10.1017/S026646741000012X
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（德文） Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Nepenthes madagascariensis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. bio-schmidhol.ch.
（德文） Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Nepenthaceae: Axile oder parietale Placentation? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） bio-schmidhol.ch.
（德文） Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Kannendeckel (lid) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. bio-schmidhol.ch.
（捷克文） Veleba, V. 2003. Nepenthes trošku jinak （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Trifid 2003(4): 38.

擴展閱讀

ARKive中馬達加斯加豬籠草的照片和視頻
食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中馬達加斯加豬籠草的照片（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：馬達加斯加豬籠草

[Phillipps-6] 其翻譯自法文《婆羅洲的豬籠草》，其原文：^[5]

“ It is a plant growing about 3 feet high which carries at the end of its leaves, which are 7 inches long, a hollow flower or fruit resembling a small vase, with its own lid, a wonderful sight. There are red ones and yellow ones, the yellow being the biggest. The inhabitants of this country are reluctant to pick the flowers, saying that if somebody does pick them in passing, it will not fail to rain that day. As to that, I and all the other Frenchmen did pick them, but it did not rain. After rain these flowers are full of water, each one containing a good half-glass. ”

[iucn-1] Clarke, C.M. Nepenthes madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T39672A143961455 [2022-08-01]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39672A143961455.en .

[Poiret-2] Poiret, J.L.M. 1797. Népente. In: J.B. Lamarck Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique Vol. 4.

[3] （法文） Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.

[夏洛特2007-4] 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 76. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[5] Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[7] Flacourt, É. 1658. Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar.

[8] Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [11 May 2006]. Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3).

[9] Rembold, K., E. Fischer, B.F. Striffler & W. Barthlott 2012. Crab spider association with the Malagasy pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. African Journal of Ecology 51(1): 188–191. doi:10.1111/aje.12037

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[注 1]

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