麥角鈣化醇
臨床資料 | |
---|---|
商品名 | Drisdol、Calcidol… |
其他名稱 | viosterol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
|
識別資訊 | |
| |
CAS號 | 50-14-6( ) |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.014 |
化學資訊 | |
化學式 | C28H44O |
摩爾質量 | 396.65 g/mol |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
熔點 | 114至118 °C(237至244 °F) |
| |
|
麥角鈣化醇(英語:Ergocalciferol)是維生素D2的化學名,為麥角固醇在紫外線作用下產生的開環甾體。早期製備的麥角鈣化醇商品名為Viosterol[1],由麥角固醇在紫外線光照下製成,含光固醇雜質。麥角鈣化醇是一種維生素D膳食補劑,[2]可以治療吸收不良、肝病[3]造成的維生素D缺乏症。[4]此藥還可用於甲狀腺功能減退造成的低血鈣症。[3]麥角鈣化醇可口服、肌注,在一些蘑菇中天然產生。[5]
過量使用麥角鈣化醇可造成多尿、高血壓、腎結石、腎衰竭、乏力、便秘。[6]長期高劑量使用可造成組織鈣化,[3]因此建議此類人群監測血鈣含量。[4]孕婦可以安全使用正常劑量。[7]麥角鈣化醇增加腸道、腎臟吸收的鈣質。[6]
麥角鈣化醇最早於1936年發現描述。[8]此物名列世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單,為健保系統所需的有效、安全藥物之一。[9]麥角鈣化醇為非處方藥,且有通用名藥物版本。[6]在英國,此藥對國民保健署的一般開支不足每處方每月10英鎊。[4]有些國家會在早餐麥片和麥淇淋等食物中加入麥角鈣化醇。[10][11]
用途
[編輯]和曬太陽產生的膽鈣化醇(維生素D3)一樣,維生素D2可以用於補充維生素D。[12]
之前一般認為兩種維生素D效果類似,因其在改善佝僂病、[13]降低年長患者跌倒的概率上效果相似[14]。現在對於維生素D2和D3在體內行為是否相似,和生成骨化三醇這種激素的效率,有相互矛盾的一些研究。一些初期研究表明維生素維生素D3效率更高,[15][16]而其它的研究則表明兩者效率類似。[12][17][18]維生素D2和D3的新陳代謝路徑稍有不同;有研究指出維生素D結合蛋白對維生素D3所形成的骨化三醇有更大親和力[15]。有匯總分析指出,D3更適合提高血漿25-(OH)D濃度[19],但也有研究說明兩者在維持濃度方面效果相當。[20][21]
有研究發現奧茲海默症患者體內的麥角鈣化醇含量較低,但這項研究並未提及這一結果和食品中麥角鈣化醇缺乏是否有關。[22]
機理
[編輯]麥角鈣化醇和膽鈣化醇(D3)的作用機理大致相類。麥角鈣化醇本身不具活性,需經過兩次羥化才可具有活性:第一步羥化在肝內經過CYP2R1生成25-羥基麥角鈣化醇(麥角骨化二醇,25-OH D2[23]),第二部在腎內經CYP27B1轉化為1,25-二羥基麥角鈣化醇(麥角骨化三醇,1,25-(OH)2D2)。[24]與膽鈣化醇不同,麥角鈣化醇不由CYP27A1羥化。[25]
與D3的對應物比較,麥角鈣化醇和各種代謝產物對維生素D結合蛋白的親和力較低。麥角骨化三醇對骨化三醇受體的親和力與骨化三醇相類。[25]麥角鈣化醇及其產物可經24-羥化失效。[26]
來源
[編輯]麥角鈣化醇最早從麥角中提取,故而得名。現在使用苔蘚[27]、真菌[28]和苜蓿[29]進行中波紫外線照射就可以提取麥角鈣化醇。以下列出一些食品內的含量:
在真菌中,麥角鈣化醇由麥角固醇受紫外光照射產生。[31]人類可以吸收利用高D2酵母製成的麵包中的維生素D。[32]食用紫外光(UV-B)照過的雙孢蘑菇可以改善維生素D缺乏,其作用與維生素D2補充劑效果相類。[33]此類光照處理不會將蘑菇漂白。[34]西方記者發新聞稱,一份普通食量(6 g 乾重,約合 60 g)[34]的雙胞蘑菇經過短波紫外光照射5分鐘後可以提供3,500 IU的維生素D,引來多方關注。[35]
工業上,麥角鈣化醇由酵母中提取的麥角固醇經紫外光照射和提純製成。[36]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Science Service (1930) Viosterol official name for irradiated ergosterol, J. Chem. Educ. 7(1) 166, DOI: 10.1021/ed007p166, see [pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed007p166, accessed 10 July 2014.
- ^ Coulston, Ann M.; Boushey, Carol; Ferruzzi, Mario. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Academic Press. 2013: 818 [2018-04-09]. ISBN 9780123918840. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-30) (英語).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009: 498 [2016-12-08]. ISBN 9789241547659. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-12-13).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 British national formulary : BNF 69 69. British Medical Association. 2015: 703–704. ISBN 9780857111562.
- ^ Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D. ods.od.nih.gov. 2016-02-11 [2016-12-30]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-31).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ergocalciferol. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2016-12-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-30).
- ^ Hamilton, Richart. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015: 227. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin. Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 451 [2018-04-09]. ISBN 9783527607495. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-30) (英語).
- ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [2016-12-08]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-12-13).
- ^ Feral, Priscilla; Hall, Lee; Animals, Friends of. Dining with Friends: The Art of North American Vegan Cuisine. Friends of Animals/Nectar Bat Press. 2005: 160 [2018-04-09]. ISBN 9780976915904. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-31) (英語).
- ^ Bennett, Beverly; Sammartano, Ray. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Vegan Living, Second Edition. Penguin. 2012: Chapter 15 [2018-04-09]. ISBN 9781615642793. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-30) (英語).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Holick, Michael F.; Binkley, Neil C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A.; Gordon, Catherine M.; Hanley, David A.; Heaney, Robert P.; Murad, M. Hassan; Weaver, Connie M. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (The Endocrine Society). 2011, 96 (7): 1911–1930. ISSN 0021-972X. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385.
- ^ Thacher, TD; Fischer, PR; Obadofin, MO; Levine, MA; Singh, RJ; Pettifor, JM. Comparison of Metabolism of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Children with Nutritional Rickets. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010, 25 (9): 1988–1995. PMC 3153403 . PMID 20499377. doi:10.1002/jbmr.99.
- ^ Susan M. Fosnight, William J. Zafirau, Susan E. Hazelett. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent falls in the elderly: evidence and practical considerations. Pharmacotherapy. 2008-02, 28 (2): 225–234 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0277-0008. doi:10.1592/phco.28.2.225. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-18).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Lisa A. Houghton, Reinhold Vieth. The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006-10, 84 (4): 694–697 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 17023693. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.694. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-25).
- ^ H. M. Trang, D. E. Cole, L. A. Rubin, A. Pierratos, S. Siu, R. Vieth. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998-10, 68 (4): 854–858 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 9771862. doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.4.854. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-25).
- ^ Holick, Michael F.; Biancuzzo, Rachael M.; Chen, Tai C.; Klein, Ellen K.; Young, Azzie; Bibuld, Douglass; Reitz, Richard; Salameh, Wael; Ameri, Allen; Tannenbaum, Andrew D. Vitamin D2Is as Effective as Vitamin D3in Maintaining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (The Endocrine Society). 2008, 93 (3): 677–681. ISSN 0021-972X. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2308.
- ^ Rachael M. Biancuzzo, Azzie Young, Douglass Bibuld, Mona H. Cai, Michael R. Winter, Ellen K. Klein, Allen Ameri, Richard Reitz, Wael Salameh, Tai C. Chen, Michael F. Holick. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010-06, 91 (6): 1621–1626 [2019-02-12]. ISSN 1938-3207. PMC 2869510 . PMID 20427729. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27972. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-25).
- ^ Tripkovic, L; Lambert, H; Hart, K; Smith, CP; Bucca, G; Penson, S; Chope, G; Hyppönen, E; Berry, J; Vieth, R; Lanham-New, S. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. June 2012, 95 (6): 1357–64. PMC 3349454 . PMID 22552031. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031070.
- ^ Biancuzzo RM, Clarke N, Reitz RE, Travison TG, Holick MF. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. March 2013, 98 (3): 973–9. PMC 3590486 . PMID 23386645. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2114.
- ^ Borel P, Caillaud D, Cano NJ. Vitamin D bioavailability: state of the art. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2015, 55 (9): 1193–205. PMID 24915331. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.688897.
- ^ Shah, Iltaf; Petroczi, Andrea; Tabet, Naji; Klugman, Anthony; Isaac, Mokhtar; P. Naughton, Declan. Low 25OH Vitamin D2 Levels Found in Untreated Alzheimer’s Patients, Compared to Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitor Treated and Controls. Current Alzheimer Research (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.). 2012-10-01, 9 (9): 1069–1076. ISSN 1567-2050. doi:10.2174/156720512803568975.
- ^ Suda, T; DeLuca, HF; Schnoes, H; Blunt, JW. 25-hydroxyergocalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2.. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1969-04-29, 35 (2): 182–5. PMID 5305760.
- ^ IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Nomenclature of vitamin D. Recommendations 1981.. European journal of biochemistry. 1982-05-17, 124 (2): 223–7. PMID 7094913. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06581.x.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Bikle, DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications.. Chemistry & biology. 2014-03-20, 21 (3): 319–29. PMC 3968073 . PMID 24529992. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016.
- ^ Houghton, LA; Vieth, R. The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement.. The American journal of clinical nutrition. October 2006, 84 (4): 694–7. PMID 17023693. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.694.
- ^ Wang, Ting; Bengtsson, Göran; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Björn, Lars Olof. Provitamins and vitamins D2 and D3 in Cladina spp. over a latitudinal gradient: possible correlation with UV levels. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology (Elsevier BV). 2001, 62 (1-2): 118–122. ISSN 1011-1344. PMID 11693362. doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00160-9.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 USDA nutrient database – use the keyword 'portabella' and then click submit. [2015-02-19]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-22).
- ^ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. [2015-02-19]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-16).
- ^ Haytowitz DB. Vitamin D in mushrooms (PDF). Nutrient Data Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. 2009 [2018-04-16]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-01).
- ^ Simon, R. R.; Borzelleca, J. F.; Deluca, H. F.; Weaver, C. M. Safety assessment of the post-harvest treatment of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) using ultraviolet light. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013, 56: 278–89. PMID 23485617. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.009.
- ^ Hohman, E. E.; Martin, B. R.; Lachcik, P. J.; Gordon, D. T.; Fleet, J. C.; Weaver, C. M. Bioavailability and Efficacy of Vitamin D2from UV-Irradiated Yeast in Growing, Vitamin D-Deficient Rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011, 59 (6): 2341–2346. PMC 3235799 . PMID 21332187. doi:10.1021/jf104679c.
- ^ P Urbain; F Singler; G Ihorst; H-K Biesalski; H Bertz. Bioavailability of vitamin D2 from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. August 2011, 65 (8): 965–971 [2018-04-09]. PMID 21540874. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.53. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-03).
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Koyyalamudi, SR; Jeong, SC; Song, CH; Cho, KY; Pang, G. Vitamin D2 formation and bioavailability from Agaricus bisporus button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation. J Agric Food Chem. 2009, 57 (8): 3351–5. PMID 19281276. doi:10.1021/jf803908q.
- ^ Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark. MSNBC. 2006-04-18 [2007-08-06]. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-01).
- ^ Holick MF. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences (PDF). The Journal of Nutrition. November 2005, 135 (11): 2739S–48S [2018-04-21]. PMID 16251641. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-11-18).
[Vitamin D3] is produced commercially by extracting 7-dehydrocholesterol from wool fat, followed by UVB irradiation and purification [...] [Vitamin D2] is commercially made by irradiating and then purifying the ergosterol extracted from yeast