加拿大語言
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加拿大文化 |
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加拿大是一個多語言國家,很多種語言在加拿大都有很多人口使用。包括了加拿大原住民(第一民族,因紐特人和梅蒂人等)的多種語言、各國移民帶來的語言、當地方言和混合的語言。加拿大政府承認兩種官方語言,即英語和法語,其中法語被定為「國語」,全國的通用語言則為英語。官方層面對法語的使用主要體現在加拿大國歌、英聯邦皇室頌歌的前半段、榮譽制度和軍事口令都是使用法語。加拿大政府各級機構同時提供英法兩種語言的服務,亦鼓勵新移民學習法語,支持法語學習和扶植法語文化。在各省之中,明確將法語作為第一語言的僅有魁北克一省,而其他省份雖然在公共場合下皆以英法雙語標註所有標識,但並不廣泛使用法語。英語的拼寫方法以英國英語為準,但發音以美國英語為準,為行政和教育體系中所有科目的教學媒介語。
根據2016年的估計,以英語和法語為母語的加拿大人分別佔56.0%和20.6%。[1]掌握英語的人口佔到了總人口比例86.2%,而掌握法語的人口則約佔29.8%。[2]在《官方語言法令》和《加拿大權利與自由憲章》第十六條中,英語和法語均被認可為官方語言,這意味着加拿大的所有法案均以兩種語言頒佈,政府機構也必須同時提供這兩種語言的服務。在加拿大的行政區劃中,魁北克僅以法語為官方語言,紐賓士域是唯一一個同時以英語和法語為官方語言的省,其它省均以英語為官方語言。
加拿大的語言多樣性不僅體現在這兩種官方語言上。大約610萬加拿大人(約佔全體加拿大人的18%)的母語或第一語言既不是英語也不是法語,通常這些人是第一代移民。大約有350萬加拿大人無論在家庭還是在社會中通常不使用英語或法語。
加拿大也是許多種美洲原住民語的故鄉,但使用人口佔加拿大總人口的1%不到。除此以外,烏克蘭語和粵語在加拿大也有超過50萬人的使用人口。
母語人數統計
[編輯]母語 | 2016年加拿大人口普查 | 2011年加拿大人口普查 | 2006年加拿大人口普查 | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
種群 | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
回答"只有一種母語" | 33,947,610 | 97.64% | 32,481,635 | 98.07% | 30,848,270 | 98.74% | |
英語或法語 | 26,627,545 | 76.59% | 25,913,955 | 78.24% | 24,700,425 | 79.06% | |
英語 | 19,460,855 | 55.97% | 18,858,980 | 56.94% | 17,882,775 | 57.24% | |
法語 | 7,166,700 | 20.61% | 7,054,975 | 21.3% | 6,817,650 | 21.82% | |
英語及法語以外的語言 | 7,321,070 | 21.06% | 6,567,680 | 19.83% | 6,147,840 | 19.68% | |
漢語 | 1,227,680 | 3.53% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan |
官話 (現代標準漢語) | 592,035 | 1.7% | 248,705 | 0.75% | 170,950 | 0.55% | |
廣州話 | 565,275 | 1.63% | 372,460 | 1.12% | 361,450 | 1.16% | |
旁遮普語 | 501,680 | 1.44% | 430,705 | 1.3% | 367,505 | 1.18% | |
西班牙語 | 458,850 | 1.32% | 410,670 | 1.24% | 345,345 | 1.11% | |
他加祿語 | 431,385 | 1.24% | 327,445 | 0.99% | 235,615 | 0.75% | |
阿拉伯語 | 419,895 | 1.21% | 327,870 | 0.99% | 261,640 | 0.84% | |
德語 | 384,040 | 1.1% | 409,200 | 1.24% | 450,570 | 1.44% | |
意大利語 | 375,645 | 1.08% | 407,485 | 1.23% | 455,040 | 1.46% | |
印度斯坦語 | 321,465 | 0.92% | 263,345 | 0.8% | 224,045 | 0.72% | Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu |
葡萄牙語 | 221,535 | 0.64% | 211,335 | 0.64% | 219,275 | 0.7% | |
波斯語 (Farsi) | 214,200 | 0.62% | 170,045 | 0.51% | 134,080 | 0.43% | |
烏爾都語 | 210,820 | 0.61% | 172,800 | 0.52% | 145,805 | 0.47% | |
俄語 | 188,255 | 0.54% | 164,330 | 0.5% | 133,580 | 0.43% | |
波蘭語 | 181,705 | 0.52% | 191,645 | 0.58% | 211,175 | 0.68% | |
越南語 | 156,430 | 0.45% | 144,880 | 0.44% | 141,625 | 0.45% | |
朝鮮語 | 153,425 | 0.44% | 137,925 | 0.42% | 125,570 | 0.4% | |
泰米爾語 | 140,720 | 0.4% | 131,265 | 0.4% | 115,880 | 0.37% | Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto. |
印地語 | 110,645 | 0.32% | 90,545 | 0.27% | 78,240 | 0.25% | |
古吉拉特語 | 108,775 | 0.31% | 91,450 | 0.28% | 81,465 | 0.26% | |
希臘語 | 106,520 | 0.31% | 108,925 | 0.33% | 117,285 | 0.38% | |
烏克蘭語 | 102,485 | 0.29% | 111,540 | 0.34% | 134,500 | 0.43% | |
荷蘭語 | 99,015 | 0.28% | 110,490 | 0.33% | 128,900 | 0.41% | |
羅馬尼亞語 | 96,660 | 0.28% | 90,300 | 0.27% | 78,495 | 0.25% | |
孟加拉語 | 73,125 | 0.21% | 59,370 | 0.18% | 45,685 | 0.15% | |
克里奧爾語 | 72,130 | 0.21% | 61,725 | 0.19% | 53,515 | 0.17% | |
克里語, n.o.s.[nb 1] | 64,045 | 0.18% | 77,900 | 0.24% | 78,855 | 0.25% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'. |
匈牙利語 | 61,235 | 0.18% | 67,920 | 0.21% | 73,335 | 0.23% | The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of 溫莎 (安大略省). |
柏柏爾語族 (卡拜爾語) | n/a | n/a | 57,855 | 0.17% | 25,578 | 0.08% | |
塞爾維亞語 | 57,345 | 0.16% | 56,420 | 0.17% | 51,665 | 0.17% | |
克羅地亞語 | 48,200 | 0.14% | 49,730 | 0.15% | 55,330 | 0.18% | |
日語 | 43,640 | 0.13% | 39,985 | 0.12% | 40,200 | 0.13% | |
漢語, n.o.s.[nb 1] | 38,575 | 0.11% | 425,210 | 1.28% | 456,705 | 1.46% | |
索馬里語 | 36,760 | 0.11% | 31,380 | 0.09% | 27,320 | 0.09% | |
伊努克提圖特語 | 35,215 | 0.1% | 33,500 | 0.1% | 32,015 | 0.1% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.[nb 2] |
亞美尼亞語 | 33,455 | 0.1% | 29,795 | 0.09% | 30,130 | 0.1% | |
土耳其語 | 32,815 | 0.09% | 29,640 | 0.09% | 24,745 | 0.08% | |
閩南語 | 31,795 | 0.09% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
馬拉雅拉姆語 | 28,570 | 0.08% | 16,080 | 0.05% | 11,925 | 0.04% | |
阿爾巴尼亞語 | 26,895 | 0.08% | 23,820 | 0.07% | n/a | n/a | |
伊洛卡諾語 | 26,345 | 0.08% | 17,915 | 0.05% | 13,450 | 0.04% | |
阿姆哈拉語 | 22,465 | 0.06% | 18,020 | 0.05% | 14,555 | 0.05% | |
捷克語 | 22,295 | 0.06% | 23,585 | 0.07% | 24,450 | 0.08% | |
高棉語 | 20,130 | 0.06% | 19,440 | 0.06% | 19,105 | 0.06% | |
保加利亞語 | 20,020 | 0.06% | 19,050 | 0.06% | 16,790 | 0.05% | |
希伯來語 | 19,530 | 0.06% | 18,450 | 0.06% | 17,635 | 0.06% | |
尼日爾-剛果語系, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 19,140 | 0.06% | 14,075 | 0.04% | n/a | n/a | |
尼泊爾語 | 18,275 | 0.05% | 8,480 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
奧吉布瓦語 | 17,885 | 0.05% | 17,625 | 0.05% | 24,190 | 0.08% | |
斯洛伐克語 | 17,585 | 0.05% | 17,580 | 0.05% | 18,820 | 0.06% | |
普什圖語 | 16,910 | 0.05% | 12,465 | 0.04% | 9,025 | 0.03% | |
馬其頓語 | 16,770 | 0.05% | 17,245 | 0.05% | 18,435 | 0.06% | |
提格利尼亞語 | 16,650 | 0.05% | 10,220 | 0.03% | 7,105 | 0.02% | |
僧伽羅語 | 16,335 | 0.05% | 14,185 | 0.04% | 10,180 | 0.03% | |
米沙鄢語支 | n/a | n/a | 16,240 | 0.05% | 11,240 | 0.04% | |
泰盧固語 | 15,655 | 0.05% | 9,315 | 0.03% | 6,625 | 0.02% | |
芬蘭語 | 15,295 | 0.04% | 17,415 | 0.05% | 21,030 | 0.07% | |
意第緒語 | 13,555 | 0.04% | 15,205 | 0.05% | 16,295 | 0.05% | |
阿坎語 | 13,460 | 0.04% | 12,680 | 0.04% | 12,780 | 0.04% | |
斯瓦希里語 | 13,375 | 0.04% | 10,090 | 0.03% | 7,935 | 0.03% | |
吳語 (Shanghainese) | 12,920 | 0.04% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
Oji-Cree | 12,855 | 0.04% | 9,835 | 0.03% | 11,690 | 0.04% | |
老撾語 | 12,670 | 0.04% | 12,970 | 0.04% | 13,940 | 0.04% | |
丹麥語 | 12,630 | 0.04% | 14,145 | 0.04% | 18,735 | 0.06% | |
馬來語 | 12,275 | 0.04% | 10,910 | 0.03% | 9,490 | 0.03% | |
波斯尼亞語 | 12,210 | 0.04% | 11,685 | 0.04% | 12,790 | 0.04% | |
信德語 | 11,860 | 0.03% | 11,330 | 0.03% | 10,355 | 0.03% | |
庫爾德語 | 11,705 | 0.03% | 9,805 | 0.03% | 7,660 | 0.02% | |
客家話 | 10,910 | 0.03% | 5,115 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
Dene, n.o.s.[nb 1] | 10,700 | 0.03% | 11,215 | 0.03% | 9,745 | 0.03% | |
南非語 | 10,260 | 0.03% | 8,770 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
Montagnais (Innu) | 10,230 | 0.03% | 10,785 | 0.03% | 10,975 | 0.04% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'. |
斯洛文尼亞語 | 9,785 | 0.03% | 10,775 | 0.03% | 13,135 | 0.04% | |
臺灣話 | n/a | n/a | 9,635 | 0.03% | 9,620 | 0.03% | |
塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 | 9,555 | 0.03% | 10,155 | 0.03% | 12,510 | 0.04% | All varieties of Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian) combined would enumerate a total of 127,310 speakers (0.37% of total population). |
非洲語言, n.i.e.[nb 2] | n/a | n/a | 9,125 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
泰語 | 9,255 | 0.03% | 7,935 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
馬拉地語 | 8,295 | 0.02% | 5,830 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
班圖語支, n.i.e.[nb 2] | n/a | n/a | 7,150 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
立陶宛語 | 7,075 | 0.02% | 7,245 | 0.02% | 8,335 | 0.03% | |
瑞典語 | 6,840 | 0.02% | 7,350 | 0.02% | 8,220 | 0.03% | |
Mi'kmaq | 6,690 | 0.02% | 7,635 | 0.02% | 7,365 | 0.02% | |
Tibetan | 6,165 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
阿提卡米克語 | 6,150 | 0.02% | 5,820 | 0.02% | 5,250 | 0.02% | |
加拿大蘇格蘭蓋爾語 | n/a | n/a | 6,015 | 0.02% | 6,015 | 0.02% | |
Fukien (福州話) | n/a | n/a | 5,925 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
Rundi (隆迪語) | 5,845 | 0.02% | 3,975 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
馬耳他語 | 5,565 | 0.02% | 6,220 | 0.02% | 6,405 | 0.02% | |
愛沙尼亞語 | 5,445 | 0.02% | 6,385 | 0.02% | 8,240 | 0.03% | |
拉脫維亞語 | 5,455 | 0.02% | 6,200 | 0.02% | 7,000 | 0.02% | |
盧旺達語 (Rwanda) | 5,250 | 0.02% | 3,895 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
印度-伊朗語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 5,180 | 0.01% | 5,255 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | |
奧羅莫語 | 4,960 | 0.01% | 11,140 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | |
挪威語 | 4,615 | 0.01% | 5,800 | 0.02% | 7,225 | 0.02% | |
藏語 | n/a | n/a | 4,640 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
漢藏語系, n.i.e.[nb 2] | n/a | n/a | 4,360 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
手語s, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 4,125 | 0.01% | 3,815 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
Vlaams (弗拉芒語) | 3,895 | 0.01% | 4,690 | 0.01% | 5,660 | 0.02% | |
林加拉語 | 3,810 | 0.01% | 3,085 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
緬甸語 | 3,585 | 0.01% | 2,985 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
Stoney | 3,025 | 0.01% | 3,050 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
上海話 | n/a | n/a | 2,920 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
黑腳語 | 2,815 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 3,085 | 0.01% | |
斯拉夫語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 2,420 | 0.01% | 3,630 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a | |
閃米特語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 2,155 | 0.01% | 16,970 | 0.05% | n/a | n/a | |
弗里斯蘭語 | 2,095 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 2,890 | 0.01% | |
Dogrib (Tlicho) | 1,645 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 2,020 | 0.01% | |
藏緬語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 1,405 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
Siouan languages (Dakota/蘇語) | 1,265 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 5,585 | 0.02% | |
Algonquin | 1,260 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,920 | 0.01% | |
蘇格蘭蓋爾語 | 1,095 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
威爾斯語 | 1,075 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
Carrier | 1,030 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,560 | <0.01% | |
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) | 1,020 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 365 | <0.01% | |
摩和克語 | 985 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 290 | <0.01% | |
South Slavey | 950 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,605 | 0.01% | Also known as Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé, or Dené Dháh. |
Gitxsan (Gitksan) | 880 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,180 | <0.01% | |
North Slavey | 765 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,065 | <0.01% | Also known as Sahtúgot』įné Yatı̨́, K』ashógot』įne Goxedǝ́, and Shíhgot』įne Yatı̨́. |
Tsilhqot'in | 655 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,070 | <0.01% | Also spelled Chilcotin. |
凱爾特語族, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 530 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
Dënësųłıné | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 525 | <0.01% | |
Michif | 465 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) | 445 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 935 | <0.01% | |
Nisga'a | 400 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 680 | <0.01% | |
Malecite | 300 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 535 | <0.01% | |
哥威迅語 | 260 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 360 | <0.01% | |
特林吉特語 | 95 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 80 | <0.01% | |
其他語言 | n/a | n/a | 77,890 | 0.2% | 172,650 | 0.55% | |
回答"有多種母語" | 818,640 | 2.35% | 639,540 | 1.9% | 392,760 | 1.26% | |
英語及法語 | 165,335 | 0.48% | 144,685 | 0.4% | 98,630 | 0.32% | |
英語及一種非法定語言 | 533,260 | 1.53% | 396,330 | 1.2% | 240,005 | 0.77% | |
法語及一種非法定語言 | 86,145 | 0.25% | 74,430 | 0.2% | 43,335 | 0.14% | |
英語、法語及一種非法定語言 | 33,900 | 0.1% | 24,095 | 0.07% | 10,790 | 0.03% | |
總數[3][4][5] | 34,767,250 | 100% | 33,121,175 | 100% | 31,241,030 | 100% |
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Mother tongue by age (Total), % distribution (2016) for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-08-02 [2019-12-18]. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-12).
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Knowledge of official languages by age (Total), % distribution (2016) for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 2017-08-02 [2019-12-18]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-25).
- ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada. Statistics Canada. August 2, 2017 [2024-02-25]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-15).
- ^ Census Profile. 8 February 2012 [May 18, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-16).
- ^ Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages, 2006年加拿大人口普查 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期July 1, 2013,.