User:Shibo77/xin

A

Achang 阿昌语 [acn]

Ache [[]] [yif] 35,000 (2003). Yunnan Province, Shuangbai, Yimen, Eshan, and Lufeng counties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish More information.

Ai-Cham [[]] [aih] 2,700 (2000). Qiannan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, southern Guizhou Province, Libo County, Di’e and Boyao townships. 13 villages. Alternate names: Atsam, Jiamuhua, Jin, Jinhua. Dialects: Di’e, Boyao. Dialects have phonological differences, but are largely mutually intelligible. Similar to Mak [mkg]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Ainu 艾努语 [aib]

Akeu [[]] [aeu] 10,000 in China (2007), increasing. Population total all countries: 12,400. South Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, most villages in Jinhong County, some in Mengla County. Also in Laos, Myanmar, Thailand. Alternate names: Aki, Akui. Dialects: Similar to Akha [ahk]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Lolo, Southern More information.

Akha [[]] [ahk] 240,000 in China (Bradley 2007), increasing. Ethnic population: 240,000 (Bradley 2007). Southwest Yunnan, Xishuangbanna and Simao prefectures. Alternate names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Alugu [[]] [aub] 3,500 (2007), increasing. Yunnan Province, Yuanyang County, Fengchunling District across the Honghe River; Gejiu County, Manhao District. Alternate names: Phula, Muji, Phupha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Aluo 阿罗语 [yna]

Awa 佤语阿佤方言 [vwa]

Awu 阿乌语 [yiu]

Axi 阿细语 [yix]

Ayi [[]] [ayx] 2,200 (2004). Northwest Yunnan, Nujiang Nu-Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Fugong and Gongshan counties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified More information.

Ayizi 阿夷子语 [yyz]

Azha 阿扎语 [aza]

Azhe 阿哲语 [yiz]

B

Bai, Central 白语中部方言 [bca]

Bai, Northern 白语北部方言 [bfc]

Bai, Southern 白语南部方言 [bfs]

Baima 白马语 [bqh]

Biao 标话 [byk]

Biao Mon 勉语勉方言长坪土语 [bmt]

Biao-Jiao Mien 勉语标敏方言 [bje]

Bisu 毕苏语 [bzi]

Biyo [byo] 120,000 (Bradley 1997). Yunnan Province, southeast Simao Prefecture, Mojiang, Jiangcheng, Zhenyuan, Jingdong counties. Alternate names: Bio, Biyue, Piyo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Blang 布朗语布朗方言 [blr]

Bokha [ybk] 10,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, central Pingbian, east Jinping, and western Hekou counties. Alternate names: Bokho, Hei Muji, Black Muji, Hua Phula, Flowery Phula, Aphu, Akapa, Lao Phula, Pao Tle. Dialects: Similar to Phuma [ypm]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Bolyu [ply] 10,000 (1993). Far west Guangxi on the Guizhou and Yunnan borders, Xilin and Longlin counties, in 2 groups. Possibly in Yunnan. Alternate names: Baliu, Lai, Lailai, Paliu, Palju, Palyu, Polyu. Dialects: May be similar to Bugan [bbh], which is the nearest Mon-Khmer language geographically. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu More information.

Bonan [peh] 6,000 (1999 Junast). Ethnic population: 24,500, including 16,500 Jishishan and 8000 Tongren. Southwest Gansu Province, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Jishishan Bao’an-Dongxiang-Sala Autonomous County; east Qinghai Province, Bonan-speaking Tu in Tongren. Alternate names: Bao’an, Baonan, Boan, Paoan, Paongan. Dialects: Jishishan (Dahejia, Dajiahe, Dakheczjha), Tongren (Tungyen). Jishishan subdialects are Ganhetan and Dadun; Tongren subdialects are Nianduhu, Guomari, Gajiuri, and Lower Bao’an village. Jishishan dialect has been influenced by Mandarin Chinese [cmn], Tongren by Tibetan [bod]. There are phonological and grammatical differences between them, and inherent intelligibility may be low. Classification: Altaic, Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour More information.

Bouyei 布依语 [pcc]

Bugan [bbh] 2,700 (2002 L. Jinfang). Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guangnan and Xichou counties, South Guangnan Nasa Township, 4 Bugan villages: Laowalong, Xinwalong, Xinpingzhai and Nala; Guangnan County, Zhuanjiao District, 2 Bugan villages: Jiuping, Shibeipo; Northern Yanshan County, Jijie District, Manlong and 6 other villages. Alternate names: Bengan, Bogan, Hualo, Huazu, Pukan. Dialects: Very minor accent differences between villages. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu More information.

Bunu, Bu-Nao 布努语 [bwx]

Bunu, Jiongnai [pnu] 1,080 (1999 M. Zongwu). 269 monolinguals. East Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County. Alternate names: Hualan Yao, Jiongnai, Jiongnaihua, Kiong Nai, Punu, Qiungnai. Dialects: Very different from and unintelligible to surrounding Yao and other Bunu speakers. Lexical similarity: 52% with Bu-Nao Bunu [bwx]. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu More information.

Bunu, Wunai [bwn] 18,400 (McConnell 1995). West Hunan Province, Longhui, Xupu, Tongdao, Chenxi, Dongkou, Cengbu, and Xinning counties. Alternate names: Hm Nai, Ngnai, Punu, Wunai. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu More information.

Bunu, Younuo [buh] 9,720 (McConnell 1995). Northeast Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Xing’an and Longsheng counties. Alternate names: Pu No, Punu, Younuo, Yuno, Yunuo. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu More information.

Buriat, China 布里亚特语 [bxu]

Buxinhua [bgk] 200 in China (1994). Southwest Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao More information.

Buyang E’ma [yzg] 300 (1995). Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Funing County, Gula Township, Langjia and Nianlang villages. Alternate names: Langjia Buyang, Buyang Zhuang, Eastern Buyang, Funing Buyang, Buozaang. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao, Buyang, Eastern More information.

Buyang, Baha [yha] 600 (2007). Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, northern Guangnan County, Dixu District, Yanglian village; Bada District, Anshe village. Alternate names: Western Buyang, Guangnan Buyang, Buyang Zhuang, Buyang. Dialects: Yalang, Ecun, Langjia. Similar to Langnian [yln] and E’ma Buyang [yzg]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao, Buyang, Western More information.

Buyang, Langnian [yln] 300 (1995). Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Funing County, Gula Township, Langjia and Nianlang villages. Alternate names: Langjia Buyang, Buyang Zhuang, Eastern Buyang, Funing Buyang, Buozaang. Dialects: Similar to E’ma Buyang [yzg]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao, Buyang, Eastern More information.

C

Cao Miao [cov] 63,600 (2000). Southeast Guizhou Province, Liping County; southwest Hunan Province, Tongdao Dong Autonomous County; northeast Guangxi, Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, near South Dong, small villages. Alternate names: Grass Miao, Mjiuniang, Sanjiang Miao. Dialects: Similar to Northern Dong [doc] and sometimes referred to as a special dialect of Dong. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Chadong [cdy] 20,000 (2007). Northeast Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Lingui County, Guilin Muncipality; Chadong District (most villages), Liangjiang Township; Yongfu County, Longjiang District. Alternate names: Chadonghua, Chadongyu, Cha Dong. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Chepya [ycp] 2,000 in China (2007). Southern Yunnan Province. Also in Laos. Dialects: Related to Akeu [aeu]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Chesu 彝语东部方言车苏语 [ych]

Chinese 汉语 [zho]

Chinese Sign Language 中国手语 [csl]

Chinese, Gan 汉语赣语 [gan]

Chinese, Hakka 汉语客家话 [hak]

Chinese, Huizhou 汉语徽话 [czh]

Chinese, Jinyu 汉语晋语 [cjy]

Chinese, Mandarin 汉语官话 [cmn] Chinese, Min Bei 汉语闽北话 [mnp]

Chinese, Min Dong 汉语闽东话 [cdo]

Chinese, Min Nan 汉语闽南话 [nan]

Chinese, Min Zhong 汉语闽中话 [czo]

Chinese, Pu-Xian 汉语莆仙话 [cpx]

Chinese, Wu 汉语吴语 [wuu]

Chinese, Xiang 汉语湘语 [hsn]

Chinese, Yue 汉语粤语 [yue]

Choni [cda] 154,000 (2004). South Gansu Province, east Gannan Prefecture, Lintan, Zhuoni, Diebu and Zhouqu counties. Alternate names: Chona, Chone, Cone, Jone, Zhuoni. Dialects: Hbrugchu (Zhouqu), Thewo (Diebu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Northern More information.

Cun [cuq] 80,000 (1999 J. Ouyang). 59% monolingual, mainly children, elders, and some women. North Dongfang County, south bank of Changhua River, north bank in Changjiang County, Hainan Island. Alternate names: Cun-Hua, Cunhua, Ngao Fon. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 40% with Hlai [lic]. Many loanwords from Chinese. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao More information.

D

Darang Deng [mhu] 850 (1999 Sun Hongkai). 750 are monolingual. Southeast Tibet Autonomous Region, Chayu (Zayü) County along Dulai River valley, Xiazayu, Qu’antong, and Gayao townships, Nyingchi Prefecture. Alternate names: Darang, Darang Dengyu, Digaro, Digaro-Mishmi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Tani More information.

Daur 达斡尔语 [dta]

Dong, Northern 北侗语 [doc]

Dong, Southern 南侗语 [kmc]

Dongxiang 东乡语 [sce]

Drung 独龙语 [duu]

Dzao Min 勉语藻敏方言 [bpn]

E

E [eee] 30,000 (Edmondson 1992). North Guangxi -Zhuang Autonomous Region, Rongshui Hmong Autonomous County, Yongle District, Xiatan, Simo, Xinglong (Xingyou) and other villages; Luocheng Mulam Autonomous County border areas. Alternate names: Eahua, Kjang E, “Wuse Hua” , “Wusehua”. Classification: Mixed language More information.

English 英语 [eng]

Enu [enu] 30,000 (Dai and Duan 1995). Simao municipality, Mojiang County, Yayi, Baliu, and Sinanjiang townships; Jiangcheng County, Jiahe, and Qushui townships; Honghe Prefecture, Luchun County. Alternate names: Ximoluo. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 76% with Biyo [byo] (17 % of similarities are Han loanwords that both have borrowed); 74% with Kaduo [ktp]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Bi-Ka More information.

Ersu [ers] 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002). 500 monolinguals. Ersu (Eastern Ersu, 13,000), Duoxu (Central Ersu, 3000), Lizu (Western Ersu, 4000). South central Sichuan, lower reaches of the Dadu River; Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Ganluo, Yuexi, Mianning, and Muli counties; Ya’an Prefecture, Shimian and Hanyuan counties; Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Jiulong County; dispersed among Yi, Chinese, and Tibetan peoples. Alternate names: Bu’erci, Bu’erzi, Bu’erzi Ersu, Doxu, Duoxu, Erhsu, Lizu, Lusu, T’osu. Dialects: Ersu (Eastern Ersu), Duoxu (Central Ersu), Lisu (Western Ersu, Lüzü, Liru). Menia (Menya) reportedly a dialect, but unclear relation to other dialects. Dialect differences reportedly great,with low mutual intelligibility. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic More information.

Evenki 鄂温克语 [evn]

G

Ge [hmj] 60,000 (1995 F. Wang). East central Guizhou: Huangping County, Chong’an Township; Kaili Municipality, Longchang Township. Alternate names: Ge Jia, Gejia, Ge-Mong, Gho-mhon, Gedou, Gedong, Gedang, Keh Deo, Gedou Miao, Gedu, Gedoudiu. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Gelao [gio] 3,000 (1999 L. Jinfang). 500 monolinguals. Qau 2000, A’ou 1500, Hagei 1700, Duoluo 1200, Tu’lu 1500. Ethnic population: 579,357 (2000 census). Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Daozhen Gelao and Miao, Wuchuan Gelao and Miao autonomous counties; southwest Guizhou Province, Anshun, and Bijie prefectures; southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous District Prefecture, Maguan and Malipo counties, and those near Vietnam border; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise Prefecture, Longlin PanMultiple-Nationalities Autonomous County; Hunan Province. Alternate names: Chilao, Gelo, Ilao, Kehlao, Kelao, Keleo, Khi, Klau, Klo, Lao. Dialects: Qau (Gao, Aqao), A’ou (A’uo), Hagei (Hakei, Hakhi), Duoluo (Toluo). Dialects probably not mutually intelligible. Tu’lu is a speech form of uncertain status spoken by Baigelao (White Gelao) people in Yunnan, Wenshan Prefecture, Malipo County. Lexical similarity: 45% with Lu [khb], 40% with Dong [doc], 36% with Lachi [lbt], 32% with Qabiao [laq], 24% with Dong [doc], 22% with Lakkia [lbc], 27%–40% with Hlai [lic], 10%–15% with Hmong Djua [hnj], 5%–15% with Iu Mien [ium]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Yang More information.

Geman Deng [mxj] 200 in China (1999 Sun Hongkai). Several townships in Chayu (Zayü) County, Nyingchi Prefecture, on tablelands either side of lower reaches of Chayu (Zayü) River in southeast corner of Tibet Autonomous Region, in their own small villages. Alternate names: Kaman, Keman, Miji, Miju, Mishmi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Tani More information.

Gepo 彝语东部方言葛泼语 [ygp]

Groma [gro] 12,800 in China (1993). Population total all countries: 26,800. Chambi Valley, between Sikkim and Bhutan, Tibet. Also in India. Alternate names: Tromowa. Dialects: Upper Groma, Lower Groma. Possible dialects or related languages: Spiti, Tomo (Chumbi). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Southern More information.

Guanyinqiao [jiq] 50,000 (1993 Lin). North central Sichuan, southwest tip of Maerkang County, Jinchuan River tributaries; northwest Jinchuan County; southeast Rangtang County. Alternate names: Western Jiarong, Zhongzhai. Dialects: Xiaoyili, Siyaowu, Muerzong, Guanyingqiao, Ergali, Taiyanghe, Ere, Yelong. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity: 60% between Western and Northern Jiarong dialects. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong More information.

Guiqiong [gqi] 6,000 (2000 H. Sun). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley). West central Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Luding County, plateaus on both sides of the Dadu River north; northwest Tianquan County. One town is Wasigou. Alternate names: Guichong. Dialects: Phonological dialect differences, but communication is possible. 2 or 3 varieties have difficult mutual intelligibility. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic More information.

H

Hani [hni] 740,000 in China (Bradley 2007). 60% of the official nationality are monolingual. Population total all countries: 518,620. South Yunnan, Jingdong and Jinggu counties, Yuanjiang and Lancang (Mekong) river basins, Ailao Mountains. Also in Laos, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Hanhi, Hani Proper, Haw. Dialects: Hani has numerous dialects and is fairly similar to Akha [ahk]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Hlai [lic] 667,000 (1999 J. Ouyang). 160,000 monolinguals. 432,000 Ha, 178,000 Qi, 44,000 Bendi, 30,000 Meifu (1990 census). Ethnic population: 1,247,814 (2000 census). Central and southern Hainan Province, Wanning, Tunchang, Danxiang, Chengmai, Baisha. Alternate names: Bli, Dai, Day, Dli, Klai, La, Lai, Le, Li, Loi, Slai. Dialects: Ha (Luohua-Hayan-Baoxian), Qi (Gei, Tongshi-Qiandui-Baocheng), Meifu (Moifau), Bendi (Zwn, Baisha-Yuanmen, Local Li). Some dialects may be separate languages. Matisoff (1988) lists 8 varieties: Baoding, Xifang, Tongshi, Baisha, Qiandiu, Heitu, Yuanmen, Baocheng. Luowo subdialect of Ha dialect is considered the standard. Lexical similarity: 27% with Gelao [gio], 26% with Dong [doc] and Qabiao [laq], 25% with Lachi [lbt]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Hlai More information.

Hlersu [hle] 15,000 (2007), decreasing. Central Yunnan Province, Zhenyuan and Shuangbai counties, scattered mountaintop locations; Yuanjiang County, 38 villages; Xinping County, 40 villages; Eshan County, 6 villages; Shiping County, 5 villages. Alternate names: Shansu, Sansu, Lesu. Dialects: Related to Lolopo [ycl]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Hmong [hmn] A macrolanguage. Population total all countries: 6,463,595. More information.

Hmong Njua [hnj] 40,000 in China (Hattaway 2000). Southeast Yunnan, Maguan, and Malipo counties. Alternate names: Mong Ntsua, Hmong Nzhua, Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Tak Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Qing Miao, Ching Miao, Lu Miao; Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Hmong Lens, Hmoob Leeg. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Hong Kong Sign Language [hks] 20,000 (2007). Hong Kong, SAR. Alternate names: Heung Kong Sau Yue. Dialects: 40% similarity with Chinese Sign Language [csl], 42%–52% similarity with Taiwan Sign Language [tss]. Classification: Deaf sign language More information.

Honi [how] 140,000 (Bradley 2007). South Yunnan Province, east Simao Prefecture, Mojiang Hani, Pu’er Hani, Yi, and Dai autonomous counties; Yuxi Municipal Prefecture, Yuanjiang Hani, and Yi and Dai autonomous counties. Alternate names: Baihong, Hao-Bai, Haoni, Ho, Ouni, Uni, Woni. Dialects: Haoni, Baihong. Dialects may be separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Horpa [ero] 45,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002). 15,000 monolinguals. Eastern dialect: 4000, Northern dialect: 5000, Central dialect: 19,000, Western Dialect 17,000. Sichuan Province, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Danba (=Rongzhag), Daofu (Dawu), Luhuo, Xinlong (Nyagrong) counties; Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Jinchua (Quqên) County; Ganzi Prefecture, Chengguan District, Central and eastern Daofu County; Wari District, Wari, Xiajia, and Muru townships; Bamei District, Shazhong Township; Danba County, Dasang District, Geshiza, Bianer, and Dandong townships; Chuangu District, Donggu Township; Jinchuan District, Bawang, Jinchuan townships. Scattered communities in Hexi District, Manqing, Zhuwo, and Duoshan townships; Xialatuo District, Renda Township. Alternate names: Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Daofu, Daofuhua, Dawu, Ergong, Gangli, Hor, Hórsók, Huo’er, Pawang, Rgu, Stau, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong. Dialects: Western (Daofu, Taofu, Western Horpa, Western Ergong, Dawu), Eastern (Zhongzhai, Gangli, Jinchuan, Lawurong), Northern (Shangzhai, Rangtang), Central (Danba, Geshiza, Geshitsa). Eastern variety may be a separate language. The dialects of Horpa reportedly are not mutually intelligible. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong More information.

Hu [huo] 1,000 (2006 L. Jinfang). Southwest Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla and Jinghong counties, 5 villages, including Nahuopa village in Jinghong, Mengyang Township. Dialects: Possibly a dialect of U [uuu], 76% similar lexically with U of Shuangjiang County. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic More information.

I

Ili Turki 伊犁土尔克语 [ili]

Iu Mien 勉语勉方言 [ium]

J

Jiamao [jio] 52,300 (Wurm et al. 1987). South Hainan Province, Baoting, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong counties, near Wuzhi Mountain. Alternate names: Gevou, Kamau, Ku vou, Tai. Dialects: Considered by Chinese linguists a dialect of Hlai [lic], but very different from Hlai dialects in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Hlai More information.

Jiarong [jya] 83,000 (1999 H. Sun). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,197 including 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,197 in Chabao and Sidaba (Lin 1993). North central Sichuan. Situ is in the traditional territory of 4 chieftaincies: Zhuokeji, Suomo, Songgang, Dangba. Chabao is in northeast corner of Maerkang County, Chabao District, Longerjia, Dazang, and Shaerzong townships. Sidaba is in Maerkang County, Sidaba District, Caodeng, Kangshan, and Ribu townships; north in southwest corner of Aba County, Kehe and Rongan townships; west along middle Duke River, Rangtang County, between Wuyi and Shili townships; and Seda County at the confluence of Seda and Duke rivers, a small town. Alternate names: Chiarong, Gyarong, Gyarung, Jarong, Jyarung, Rgyarong. Dialects: Situ (Eastern Jiarong), Chabao (Dazang, Northeastern, Northern, Central Jiarong), Sidaba (Caodeng, Northwestern, Western Jiarong). Varieties of Situ are: Ma’erkang, Lixian, Jinchuan (Dajin), and Xiaojin; Varieties of Sidaba are Caodeng and Ribu. Western and Northern phonology are fairly similar but differ greatly from Eastern. Dialects are likely three separate mutually unintelligible languages. Lexical similarity: 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong (with significant phonological differences), 60% between Western and Northern, 13% between the Situ dialect and Horpa [ero]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong More information.

Jingpho [kac] 40,000 in China (1999 X. Xu). 50% monolingual. Ethnic population: 132,143 in China (2000 census). West Yunnan, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yingjiang, Longchuan, and Ruili counties; Baoshan Prefecture,Tengchong County. Alternate names: Chingp’o, Chingpaw, Dashanhua, Jinghpaw, Jingpo, Kachin, Marip. Dialects: Enkun (Nkhumka, Nkhum), Shidan (Satanka, Xidan), Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Hkauri, Gauri, Kauri, Khauri, Kauzhika), Mengzhi, Dzili (Jili), Dulong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho More information.

Jinuo, Buyuan [jiy] 1,000 (1994). Most monolingual. Ethnic population: 18,021 (1990 census). South Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong. Youle Mountains. 40 villages. Alternate names: Buyuan, Jino. Dialects: Buyuan and Youle dialects not mutually inherently intelligible. Chinese used for communication. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Jinuo, Youle [jiu] 10,000 (Bradley 2007). South Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong. Youle Mountains. 40 villages. Alternate names: Jino, Youle. Dialects: Youle and Buyuan dialects not mutually inherently intelligible. Chinese used to communicate. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Jurchen [juc] Extinct. Alternate names: Nuchen, Nuzhen. Dialects: Related to Manchu [mnc]. Classification: Altaic, Tungusic, Southern, Southwest More information.

K

Kaduo 彝语南部方言卡卓语 [ktp]

Kalmyk-Oirat [xal] 139,000 in China (Wurm et al. 1987). 106,000 of Torgut (Tu’erhute) dialect and 33,000 of Kök Nur (Qinghai). Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Bayan Gool Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Autonomous Prefecture. Alternate names: Oirat, Weilate, Western Mongol, Xinjiang Mongolian. Dialects: Torgut (Tu’erhute), Kök Nur (Qinghai), Jakhachin, Bayit, Mingat, Olot (Ööld, Elyut, Eleuth), Khoshut (Khoshuud), Dorbot. Classification: Altaic, Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat More information.

Kang [kyp] 34,100 in China (1993). Southwest Yunnan. Alternate names: Tai Khang. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Kangjia 康家语 [kxs]

Kathu [ykt] 5,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Guangnan County, Balong District. Possibly in Guangxi. Alternate names: Gasu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Katso [kaf] 4,000 (Bradley 1997), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Yuxi Prefecture, Tonghai County, Xingmeng Mongolian Autonomous Township. Alternate names: Gazhuo, Gezhuo, Kazhuo. Dialects: All are proficient in Southwest Mandarin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern More information.

Kazakh 哈萨克语 [kaz]

Kemiehua [kfj] 1,000 (1991). Southwest Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong County. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified More information.

Khakas [kjh] 10 in China (1982 census). Ethnic population: 875. Heilongjiang Province, Fuyu County, north of Qiqihar. Alternate names: Abakan Tatar, Khakhas, Khakhass, Yenisei Tatar. Dialects: Sagai, Beltir, Kacha, Kyzyl, Shor, Kamassian. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Northern More information.

Khlula [ykl] 21,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southeast Wenshan County, northern and central parts of Maguan County. Alternate names: Tula, Namupha, Alapha, Mo, Pao, Hei Phula, Black Phula, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Phulapha, Zokhuo Na, Black Zokhuo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Khmu [kjg] 1,600 in China (1990). Southwest Yunnan Province, in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong County (9 villages), some in Mengla County. Alternate names: Chaman, Damai, Damailao, Damaile, Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Kemu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Khomu, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Theng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’ More information.

Khuen [khf] 1,000 in China (1993). Alternate names: Khouen, Khween, Kween. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’ More information.

Kim Mun 勉语金门方言 [mji] 200,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). 61,000 in Hainan Province (2000 census). Population total all countries: 374,500. Yunnan Province, seventeen counties; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, thirteen counties; Hainan Province, 7 counties. Also in Laos, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Chasan Yao, Gem Mun, Hainan Miao, Jim Mun, Jinmen, Kem Mun, Kimmun, Lan Tin, Lanten, Lowland Yao, Man Lantien, Men, Mun, Shanzi Yao. Dialects: Dao Quan Trang, Dao Ho. Not intelligible with Iu Mien [ium]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Iu Mien, 67% with Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], 59% with Dzao Min [bpn]. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin More information.

Kon Keu [kkn] 6,300 (2000). Southwest Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Lincang, Baoshan, Simao prefectures. Possibly also in Myanmar and (or) Laos. Alternate names: Kongge. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic More information.

Korean 朝鲜语 [kor]

Kuanhua 宽话？ [xnh] 1,000 (1991). Southwest Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong County. Alternate names: Damai. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified More information.

Kucong [lkc] 40,000 in China (Bradley 2007), decreasing. Central Yunnan Province, Jinping, Luchun, Jiangcheng, Mengla, Yuanjiang, Xinping, Jinggu, and other counties. Alternate names: Cosung, Lahlu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Kyerung [kgy] 100 in China (2002). Tibet. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central More information.

Kyrgyz [kir] 160,000 in China (2000 census). Older adults monolingual. 60,000 Northern Kirghiz, 40,000 Southern Kirghiz. West and southwest Xinjiang, in Wuqia, Akqi, Akto, Tekes, Zhaosu, Baicheng, Wushi counties. Alternate names: Kara, Ke’erkez, Kirgiz. Dialects: Southern Kyrgyz, Northern Kyrgyz. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian More information.

L

Lachi [lbt] 60 in China (2000 L. Yunbing), decreasing. Ethnic includes 193 Bag Lachi in 37 households, 852 Han Lachi in 179 households, 157 Red Lachi in 27 households, 432 Flowery Lachi in 72 households. Ethnic population: 1,634. Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, southern Maguan County, several villages. Alternate names: I To, Ku Te, La Chi, Laji, Lati, Lipulio, Tai Lati, Y Mia, Y Poong, Y To. Dialects: Lipute (Bag Lachi), Liputcio (Han Lachi), Lipuke (Red Lachi), Lipuliongtco (Flowery Lachi), Liputiõ (Black Lachi), Lipupi (Long-Haired Lachi). Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi More information.

Ladakhi [lbj] 12,000 in China (1995). Western Tibet. Alternate names: Ladak, Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladwags. Dialects: Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Sham, Shamskat, Lower Ladakhi), Nubra Ladakhi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western, Ladakhi More information.

Lahu [lhu] 280,000 in China (Bradley 2007). Population total all countries: 445,700. Southwest Yunnan Province, Simao Prefecture, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, Lahu & Va autonomous counties; Lincang Prefecture, Gengma Dai, Va autonomous counties. Also in Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Kaixien, Kucong, Kutsong, Lahuna, Laku, Lohei, Moso, Muhso, Mussar, Musso, Mussuh, Namen. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu, Lohei), Nyi (Red Lahu, Southern Lahu, Musse Daeng), Shehleh. Na considered standard dialect. Black Lahu and Lahu Shi (Yellow Lahu) have difficult intelligibility. (See separate entry for Lahu Shi.) Mossu is in Laos. Lahu Shi (Yellow Lahu) and Kucong Lahupu (White Lahu, e.g. in Zhenyuan County) are distinct. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Lahu Shi [lhi] 117,000 in China (Bradley 2007), increasing. Population total all countries: 196,200. Ethnic population: 120,000. South Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Menghai District, Menghai County (Menghai Township); Simao Prefecture, Lancang Lahu Autonomous County, Nuofu District, other areas. Also in Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, United States. Alternate names: Kur, Kwi, Lahu Xi, Shi, Yellow Lahu. Dialects: Banlan, Bakeo. Most similar to Lahu [lhu]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Lakkia [lbc] 12,000 (1999 L. Baoyuan). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000. Eastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County. Alternate names: Chashan Yao, Lajia, Laka, Lakia, Lakja, Lakkja, Tai Laka, Tea Mountain Yao. Dialects: Classified as Yao (Mien) nationality, but the language is Tai-Kadai (Svantesson). Phonetically similar to Iu Mien [ium], word order to Bunu [bwx]. Not intelligible with Hmong Djua [hnj] or Bunu. Minimal variation within Lakkia. All varieties mutually inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 45% with Dong [doc], 23% with Lachi [lbt] and Qabiao [laq], 22% with Gelao [gio]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja More information.

Lalo, Dongshanba 东山坝腊罗语 [yik]

Lalo, Xishanba 中腊罗语 [ywt]

Lalu, Eastern 东腊鲁语 [yit]

Lalu, Western 西腊鲁语 [ywl]

Lamu [llh] 120 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 295. Yunnan Province, Dali Prefecture, Northeast Binchuan County. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Lang’e [yne] 2,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, southwest Yongsheng County. Alternate names: La’u. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Laomian [lwm] 1,600 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, northwest Lancang County; Menglian County. Alternate names: Guba, Lawmeh, Bisu. Dialects: Similar to Bisu [bzi]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Lashi [lsi] 1,800 in China (1997). Yunnan Province, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties. Alternate names: Acye, Chashanhua, Lachikwaw, Lasi, Leqi, Letsi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern More information.

Lhaovo [mhx] 3,500 in China (2000). West Yunnan Province, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Ruili, Lianghe counties. Alternate names: Diso, Lang’e, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Liangsu, Malu, Matu, Maru, Nyky, Zi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern More information.

Lhomi [lhm] 1,000 in China. Tibet Autonomous Region. Alternate names: Lhoket, Shing Saapa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central More information.

Limi [ylm] 29,000 (2002). Yunnan, in Yongde, Fengqing, Yunxian counties. Alternate names: Liumi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Lingao 临高语 [onb]

Lipo 里泼语 [lpo]

Lisu 傈僳语 [lis]

Lolopo 倮倮泼语 [ycl]

Lolopo, Southern 南倮倮泼语 [ysp]

Lü 傣仂语 [khb]

Luoba, Boga’er [adi] 1,090 in China (1999 J. Ouyang). 400 monolinguals. Southeast Tibet, Lhunze and Mainling counties, south of Yaluzangjiang River, Luoyu area. Alternate names: Abor, Adi, Adi-Bokar, Bengni-Boga’er, Boga’er, Bokar, Lho-Pa, Lhoba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Tani More information.

Luoba, Yidu [clk] 80 in China (1999 H. Sun). 50 monolinguals. Southeast Tibet, Nyingchi Prefecture, Chayu County, Xia Chayu (Zayu) zone, Xia Chayu (Zayu) and Ba’antong townships, in Danba River valley and adjoining mountain slopes, near Bhutan border. Alternate names: Chulikata, Idu Lhoba, Idu Mishmi, Lho-Pa, Lhoba, Yidu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, North Assam, Tani More information.

M

Macanese 澳門土生葡語 [mzs]

Mahei [mja] 12,000. Yunnan Province, Jinggu Dai, Yi, Pu’er Hani, Yi autonomous counties. (Jinggu, formerly Chingku or Kingku; Pu’er, formerly Ning Erh). Alternate names: Mahe, Maheh. Dialects: May be identical to Lolo [llb]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha More information.

Mak [mkg] 10,000 (1982 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Guizhou Province, northwest Libo County, Yangfeng, Fangcun, Jialiang, and Di’e villages; some in neighboring Dushan County. Alternate names: Ching, Mo, Mo-Hua, Mochiahua, Mohua, Mojiahua. Dialects: Mak, Chi, Ching (Cham), Hwa, Lyo. Dialect differences are minor. Similar to Ai-Cham [aih]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Man Met [mml] 900 (1990 J-O. Svantesson). Southwest Yunnan Province, 5 communities in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture near the Hu. Alternate names: Manmi, Manmit. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic More information.

Manchu 满语 [mnc]

Mang 莽语 [zng]

Maonan 毛南语 [mmd]

Miao, Central Huishui [hmc] 40,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Huishui and Changshun counties, suburbs of south Guiyang Municipality. Alternate names: Central Huishui Hmong. Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties. 30 to 40 different Hmong (Miao) languages in China. Great linguistic differences. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Central Mashan [hmm] 70,000 (1995 F. Wang). South central Guizhou Province, Ziyun, Wangmo and Luodian counties. Alternate names: Central Mashan Hmong. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Chuanqiandian Cluster [cqd] 1,400,000 (1995 F. Wang). West Guizhou, west Guangxi, south Sichuan, Yunnan (especially southeast and northeast). Alternate names: Chuanchientien Miao, Chuanqiandian Miao, Core Farwestern Hmongic, Hua Miao, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Miao, Western Miao. Dialects: Hmong Dou, Downhill Hmong, Hongxian Miao, Red Thread Miao, Dananshan Miao, Hua Miao, Hwa Miao, Mong Hoa, Flowery Meo, Variegated Mong, Mong Leng, Mong Lenh, Hmong Len, Mong Shi, Mong Si, Hmong Shi, Light Hmong, Bai Miao, Qing Miao, Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Tak Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Qing Miao, Ching Miao, Lu Miao, Meo Dam, Black Meo, Meo Lai, Striped Hmong, Hmong Dle Ncha, Qingshui Miao, Clear Water Hmong, Hmong La, Red Mong, Mong La Hou, Red-headed Hmong, Hmong La, Paddyfield Miao, Hmong Shua Bua, Sa Pa Hmong, Meo Den, Hmong Den, Hmong Dlo, Hmong Bua, Hmong Sou, Hei Miao, Black Mong, Black Hmong, Hmong Be, Mountain Hmong, Chuan Miao, River Miao, Sichuan Miao, Yaque Miao, Magpie Miao, Hmong Drout Raol, Six Village Miao, Liuzhai Miao, Luzhai Miao, Dianxi Miao, Western Yunnan Miao, Bai Miao, White Miao. Similar to White Miao [mww]. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Eastern Huishui [[]] [hme] 14,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central and south Guizhou Province, Huishui, Pingba, Luodian counties. Alternate names: Eastern Huishui Hmong. Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Eastern Qiandong [[]] [hmq] 350,000 (1995 F. Wang). East Guizhou Province, Jianhe, Jinping and Liping counties; west Hunan Province, Huitong, Jingzhou and Tongdao counties. Alternate names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Eastern East-Guizhou Miao, Eastern Hmu, Hei Miao, Hmu. Dialects: Not intelligible with other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong More information.

Miao, Eastern Xiangxi [[]] [muq] 80,000 (1995 F. Wang). West Hunan Province, Luxi, Guzhang, Jishou and Longshan counties, some in Hubei. Alternate names: Eastern Ghao-Xong, Eastern Miao, Eastern West-Hunan Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi More information.

Miao, Horned [hrm] 50,000 (Hattaway 2000). Northeastern Yunnan, Zhenxiong County, Guiyang, Bijie, Qingzhen cities; northwest and central Guizhou, Dafang, Nayong and Zhijin counties. Alternate names: A-Hmo, Bai Miao, Hmong Khua Shua Ndrang, Hmong Sou, Jiao Miao, Jiaojiao Miao, Kha-Nzi, White Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Large Flowery [hmd] 300,000 (1995 F. Wang). Northwest Guizhou Province, Weining, Hezhang, Shuicheng, Pu’an, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Liupanshui municipality; northeast and central Yunnan Province, Zhaotong area, Yongshan, Yiliang, Daguan, Suijiang, Qiaojia, Xundian, Fumin, Luquan, Lufeng, and Wuding counties, Xuanwei, Qujing, Kunming, Anning and Chuxiong municipalities; south Sichuan Province, Panzhihua municipality. Alternate names: A-Hmao, Big Flowery Miao, Da Hua Bei Miao, Da Hua Miao, Diandongbei Miao, Flowery Miao, Great Flowery Tribe, Hua Miao, Hwa Miao, Northeastern Dian Miao, Northeastern Yunnan Miao, Ta Hwa Miao. Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Luopohe [[]] [hml] 61,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou east of Guiyang, Weng’an, Guiding, Longli, Kaiyang counties, Fuquan and Kaili municipalities. Alternate names: Lobohe Miao, Luobo River Miao, Luobohe Hmong, Luopohe Hmong, Xi, Xijia Miao, Ximahe Miao. Dialects: 2 dialects. Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Northern Guiyang [[]] [huj] 84,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Jinsha, Qianxi, Xifeng, Kaiyang, Xiuwen, Pingba Guiding counties, west Guiyang municipality suburbs. Alternate names: Northern Guiyang Hmong. Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Northern Huishui [[]] [hmi] 70,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Guiyang municipality, Gaopo District; Huishui, Longli and Guiding counties. Alternate names: Northern Huishui Hmong. Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Northern Mashan [[]] [hmp] 35,000 (1995 F. Wang). South central Guizhou Province, Changshun, Luodian and Huishui counties. Alternate names: Northern Mashan Hmong. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Northern Qiandong [hea] 1,250,000 (1995 F. Wang), decreasing. East and south Guizhou Province, Majiang, Danzhai, Leishan, Taijiang, Huangping, Shibing, Jianhe, Zhenyuan, Sansui, Fuquan, Pingba, Zhenning, Xingren, Anlong, Guanling, Zhenfeng and Ziyun counties, Kaili Qingzhen municipalities; northwest Guangxi Province, Longlin County. Alternate names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, East Guizhou Miao, Gha Ne, Gha Ne Dlai, Heh Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Northern East Guizhou Miao, Northern Hmu. Dialects: Not intelligible with other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao. At least 4 dialects (vernaculars). The official standard variety of Qiandong Miao is based on Yanghao, but with some similarities to other varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong More information.

Miao, Small Flowery [[]] [sfm] 84,000 (1995). Alternate names: Atse, Ghab-Mvb Ghab-Svd, Ghuab-Hmongb Ghuab-Soud, Xiao Hua Miao, Hsiao Hwa Miao. Dialects: Similar to Large Flowery Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Southern Guiyang [[]] [hmy] 28,000 (1995 F. Wang). South central Guizhou Province, Changshun, Ziyun Zhenning counties, Anshun Municipality. Alternate names: Southern Guiyang Hmong. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Southern Mashan [[]] [hma] 10,000 (1995 F. Wang). South Guizhou Province, Wangmo County. Alternate names: Southern Mashan Hmong. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Southern Qiandong [[]] [hms] 500,000 (1995 F. Wang). All Miao in China: 8,949,116 (2000 census). Southeast Guizhou Province, Sandu, Danzhai, Libo and Rongjiang Congjiang counties; north Guangxi Province, Rongshui and Sanjiang counties. Alternate names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Southern East-Guizhou Miao, Southern Hmu. Dialects: Not intelligible with other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong More information.

Miao, Southwestern Guiyang [hmg] 70,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Pingba, Changshun counties, suburbs of Guiyang, Qingzhen, Anshun municipalities. Alternate names: Southwestern Guiyang Hmong. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Southwestern Huishui [hmh] 56,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Huishui, Sandu, Changshun counties. Alternate names: Miao, Southwestern Huishui Hmong. Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Western Mashan [hmw] 14,000 (1995 F. Wang). South Guizhou Province, Wangmo, Ziyun counties. Alternate names: Western Mashan Hmong. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Miao, Western Xiangxi [mmr] 820,000 (1995 F. Wang), decreasing. Northwest Hunan Province, Huadan, Fenghuang, Baojing, Jishou, Guzhang, Longshan, Xinhuang Mayang counties; northeast Guizhou Province, Songtao County, Tongren and southeast Chongqing municipalities; Xiushan and Youyang counties; southwest Hubei Province, Xuan’en County; north Guangxi Province, Nandan County, Hechi municipality. Alternate names: Eastern Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Huayuan Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao, West Hunan Miao, Western Ghao-Xong, Western West-Hunan Miao. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi More information.

Miao, White [mww] 233,000 in China (2004). All Miao in China: 8,949,116 (2000 census). Population total all countries: 613,400. Ethnic population: 8,949,116. South and southwest Guizhou, northwest Guangxi, southeast and southwest Yunnan. Also in France, Laos, Thailand, United States, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Bai Miao, Banded Arm Hmong, Hmong Daw, Hmong Dleu, Hmong Qua Mpa, Meo Do, Meo Kao, Mong Do, Mong Trang, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, Striped Arm Hmong, Striped Hmong, White Hmong, White Lum, White Meo. Dialects: Largely intelligible with Hmong Njua [hnj] and Hmong Daw (Mong Leng dialect) but sociolinguistic factors require separate literature for Hmong Daw. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Mili [ymh] 23,000 (2002). Yunnan Province, Jingdong, Yunxian, Zhenyuan, Xinping counties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Miqie 密岔语 [yiq]

Moji [ymi] 2,000 (2008), decreasing. Yunnan Province, south and southwest Wenshan County; west Xichou County, Luchaichong village; possibly east Fumin County. Alternate names: Flathead Phulai, Muji, Phula, Phulawa, Pingtou Phula. Dialects: Luchaichong. Moji patterns with Proto-Muji subgroup phylogenetically, but the Luchaichong dialect (the most vital dialect) heavily influenced by contact with Khlula and Zokhuo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Monba, Tawan 错那门巴语 [twm]

Mongolian, Peripheral 蒙古语内蒙古方言 [mvf]

Muda [[]] [ymd] 2,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Jinghong County, Nanpianshan District. Dialects: Related to Mpi [mpi]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern More information.

Muji, Northern [[]] [ymx] 9,000 (2008). Yunnan Province, south Mengzi County, west Pingbian County. Alternate names: Bokha, Hlaka Mujima, Phula. Dialects: Similar to Southern Muji [ymc]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Muji, Qila [[]] [ymq] 1,500 (2008), decreasing. Yunnan Province, south Jinping County. 2 isolated villages. Alternate names: Doka, Mujitsu, Phutsu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Muji, Southern [[]] [ymc] 26,000 (2008), increasing. Yunnan Province, north Jinping County; some in southwest and east Jinping County, south Mengzi County, southeast Gejiu County. Alternate names: Aga, Khlaka, Lahi, Muzi, Phula, Tjeki, Tshebu, Tshibu. Dialects: Dazhai, Ma’andi, Tongchang, Yingpan, Jinhe, Gamadi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Mulam [[]] [mlm] 86,000 (2005 Guangxi Language and Orthography Use Situation). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 210,000 (2000 census). North central Guizhou Province, Luocheng Mulam Autonomous County (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes), adjacent counties, Majiang and Kaili City. Alternate names: Abo, Ayo, Kyam, Molao, Mulao, Mulao Miao, Muliao, Mulou. Dialects: Similar to Southern Dong [kmc]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Dong (probably Southern Dong). Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Muya 木雅语 [mvm]

Muzi [[]] [ymz] 10,000 (2008). Yunnan Province, south and east Gejiu County; west Mengzi County, scattered villages. Alternate names: Muji, Mogeha. Dialects: Similar to Notthern Muji [ymx]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

N

Naluo [[]] [ylo] 40,000. Yunnan, Qiaojia, Wuding, Luquan, Yuanmou, Huize counties. Alternate names: Qiao-Wu Yi, Qiaojia-Wuding Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi, Eastern Yi More information.

Namuyi [[]] [nmy] 4,000 (2000 H. Sun). 200 monolinguals, mainly older adults. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Mianning, Muli, Xichang, Yanyuan counties; southwest Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Jiulong (Gyaisi) County. Alternate names: Naimuci, Naimuzi. Dialects: Eastern Namuyi, Western Namuyi. Low intelligibility between dialects, with lexical and phonological differences. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic More information.

Nanai 赫哲语 [gld]

Nasu 彝语东部方言武禄彝语 [ywq]

Nasu, Wumeng 彝语东部方言乌蒙纳苏语 [ywu]

Nasu, Wusa 彝语东部方言乌撒纳苏语 [yig]

Naxi 纳西语 [nbf]

Nisi 尼斯语 [yso] Nisu, Eastern 东尼苏语 [nos]

Nisu, Northern 北尼苏语 [yiv]

Nisu, Southern 南尼苏语 [nsd]

Nisu, Southwestern 西南尼苏语、西北尼苏语 [nsv]

Nung [[]] [nun] 390 in China (1999 H. Sun). Almost no monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 in China (1999 H. Sun). Yunnan, middle reaches of Nu (Salween) River, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Fugong County border region, 7 hamlets: Mugujia, Hashi, Muleng, Lagagong, Ani, Qia, Lahaigong in Mugujia village, administrative region of Shangpa Township. Alternate names: Anong, Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Khanung, Khupang, Kiutze, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu, Nu. Dialects: Cholo, Gwaza, Miko. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish More information.

Nuosu 彝语北部方言 [iii]

Nusu [[]] [nuf] 12,000 (Bradley 2007). 1,000 monolinguals. 2,000 in Northern Nusu, 4,000 in Southern Nusu, and 6,000 in Central Nusu. Yunnan Province, Nujiang Lusu Autonomous Prefecture, south Fugong and northeast Lushui counties. Dialects: Northern Nusu (Wawa-Kongtong), Southern Nusu (Guoke-Puluo), Central Nusu (Zhizhiluo-Laomudeng). Dialects not inherently mutually intelligible. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

O

Oroqen 鄂伦春语 [orh]

P

Pa Di [[]] [pdi] 1,000 in China. Population total all countries: 1,300. Yunnan Province, Honghe Hani and Yi prefectures, Hekou and Jinping counties. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Padi. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern More information.

Pa-Hng 巴哼语 [pha]

Palaung, Pale 德昂语布雷方言 [pce]

Palaung, Rumai 德昂语若买方言 [rbb]

Palaung, Shwe 德昂语纳盎方言 [pll]

Panang [[]] [pcr] 12,000 (2002). Tibetan Autonomous Region. Alternate names: Banag, Banang, Panags, Panakha, Pananag, Sbanag, Sbranag. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central More information.

Parauk 佤语巴饶克方言 [prk]

Pela [bxd] 400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson). Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture, Luxi County, Santaishan Township; Yingjiang, Lianghe counties. Maybe also Myanmar. Alternate names: Bela, Bola, Bula, Pala, Polo. Dialects: Similar to Zaiwa [atb]. Considered by some a Zaiwa dialect. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern More information.

Phala [ypa] 12,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, Shiping, Honghe counties, north and south banks of Yuanjiang (Honghe) River; Yuanyang, Jianshui counties, a few isolated villages downriver. Alternate names: Black Phula, Bola, Hei Phula, Khapho, Phula, Phulepho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phola [ypg] 13,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, Yuanjiang, Shiping, Honghe counties, along confluence of Yuanjiang (Honghe) and Xiaohedi rivers. Alternate names: Bola, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Phula, Phulepho, Tsha Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phola, Alo [ypo] Yunnan Province, Yuanjiang County, Tuguozhai village. Alternate names: Pula, Bola. Dialects: Similar to Phola [ypg]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Pholo [[]] [yip] 30,000 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000. Yunnan Province, northeast Yanshan County, southeast Qiubei County; east Yanshan, west Guangnan, northeast Malipo counties, scattered. Alternate names: Black Phula, Flowery Phula, Phu, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phowa, Ani [[]] [ypn] 10,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, north central Mengzi County, Xibeile District; south Kaiyuan County, Yangjie District. Alternate names: Flowery Phu, Hua Phu, Laotshipu, Pho, Phula. Dialects: Most similar to Labo Phowa [ypb]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phowa, Hlepho [[]] [yhl] 36,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Yunnan Province, southwest Yanshan, north Mengzi, west Weshan, and north Pingbian counties. Alternate names: Abo, Boren, Bozi, Conehead Phula, Cowtail Phula, Daizhanpho, Digaopho, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Jiantou Phula, Minjia, Niuweiba Phula, Paola, Pho, Phula, Sandaohong Phula, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Thrice Striped Red Phula, Xiuba. Dialects: Most similar to Labo Phowa [ypb]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phowa, Labo [[]] [ypb] 17,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, central, north-central and southeast Kaiyuan County. Alternate names: Asaheipho, Asahopho, Ekhepho, Labopho, Pho, Phula, White Phu, Zemapho. Dialects: Most similar to Ani Phowa [ypn]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phukha [[]] [phh] 5,000 in China (2008). Ethnic population: 7,000. Yunnan Province, southeast Maguan, southwest Malipo counties. Alternate names: Fu Khla, Phu Khla, Phù Lá, Phù Lá Hán. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phuma [[]] [ypm] 8,000 (2007), increasing. Yunnan Province, east-central Pingbian County. Alternate names: Black Muji, Hei Muji, Muji, Paotlo, Phula, Phuli, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula. Dialects: Related to Bokha [ybk]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phupa [[]] [ypp] 3,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southwest Mengzi County; southeast corner of Gejiu panhandle. Alternate names: Hlagho, Laghï, Lala, Lamu, Larhwo, La’ou, Lapa, Muzi, Phula, Phupha, Tshebu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phupha [[]] [yph] 1,300 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southwest Gejiu County. 4 villages; Yuangyang County, across Honghe River. 1 village. Alternate names: Phula, Phupho, Tsapho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Phuza [[]] [ypz] 6,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southwest Mengzi and southeast Gejiu counties. Alternate names: Hei Phu, Phujitsu, Phula, Phu’a. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Pumi, Northern 北普米语 [pmi]

Pumi, Southern 南普米语 [pmj]

Q

Qabiao [[]] [laq] Few elderly speakers. Ethnic population: 400. Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Malipo County, Tiechang, Matong, Punong, Pucha, and Pufeng towns. Alternate names: Ka Bao, Ka Biao, Kabeo, Laqua, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao More information.

Qiang, Northern 北羌语 [cng]

Qiang, Southern 南羌语 [qxs]

Queyu [[]] [qvy] 7,000 (1995). West Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Xinlong (Nyagrong), Yajiang (Nyagquka) Litang counties. Alternate names: Choyo, Zhaba. Dialects: Similar to Zhaba [zhb]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic More information.

R

Riang [[]] [ril] 3,000 in China (1995). Southwest Yunnan, Lincang Prefecture, Zhenkang County; Baoshan Prefecture, Longyang County. Alternate names: De’ang, Liang, Liang Palaung, Na’ang, Riang-Lang, Xiaoan’gou, Xiaochanggou, Yang Sek, Yang Wan Kun, Yanglam, Yin. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang More information.

Russian 俄语 [rus]

S

Salar 撒拉语 [slr]

Samatao 彝语东部方言Samatao [ysd] 400 (2007), decreasing. Guandu District, Kunming Municipality, Zijun village. A few elderly speakers in Zhenkang and Yongde. Alternate names: Samadu, Samaduo, Samou. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern More information.

Samei 彝语东部方言撒梅语 [smh]

Samtao [[]] [stu] 100 in China (1993). Southwest Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Prefecture. Alternate names: Samtau, Samtuan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic More information.

Sangkong 桑孔语 [sgk]

Sani 撒尼语 [ysn]

Sanie 彝语东部方言Sanie [ysy] 8,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, north Anning County, Kunming Municipality, Xishan District; southwest Fumin County. Alternate names: Bai Lolo, Bai Yi, Sanyie, Sa’nguie, Shanie, Shaniepu, White Yi. Dialects: Similar to Samatao [ysd]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern More information.

Sarikoli 色勒库尔语 [srh]

Shan 掸语 [shn]

Shangzhai [[]] [jih] 4,100 (2004). North central Sichuan, south Rangthang County, Shangzhai District, Shili, Zongke, and Puxi townships, near confluence of Duke River and its tributary Zhongke River. Alternate names: Western Jiarong. Dialects: Dayili, Zongke, Puxi. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity: 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong, 60% between Western and Northern Jiarong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong More information.

She 畲语 [shx]

Sherpa 夏尔巴语 [xsr]

Shixing [[]] [sxg] 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Southwest Sichuan, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Muli Tibetan Autonomous County. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic More information.

Sinicized Miao [[]] [hmz] 250,000 (Hattaway 2000). Population total all countries: 252,000. Western Guizhou Province, Dafang, Guanling, Nayong, Pu’an, Puding, Qianxi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Xingren, Zhenning, Zhijin, and Ziyun counties; southeastern Yunnan Province, Wenshan , Honghe prefectures; northwestern Guangxi Province, Longlin County; Anshun and Xingyi cities. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Hmong Shua. Dialects: Similar to Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao [cqd], Small Flowery Miao (Gha-Mu) [sfm], Forest Miao (Hmong Rongd) [mww]. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian More information.

Sui 水语 [swi]

T

Tai Dam [[]] [blt] 10,000 in China (1995). Jingping County, Yunnan. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng More information.

Tai Dón 傣端语 [twh]

Tai Hongjin 红金傣语 [tiz]

Tai Nüa 傣那语 [tdd]

Tai Ya [cuu] 50,000 in China (2000 census). Population total all countries: 50,400. Central and South Yunnan Province, Yuxi Prefecture, Xinping Yi-Dai Autonomous County, Mosha District; Yuanjiang Hani, Yi, Dai autonomous counties; Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yuanyang and Honghe counties. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Cung, Daiya, Huayao Dai, Multi-colored, Tai Cung, Tai-Chung, Tai-Cung, Waistband Tai, Ya, Yuanxin Hongjin Dai. Dialects: Tai Ya, Tai Sai (Dai Sai), Tai Kha (Dai Ka), Tai Chung (Dai Zhong, Cung). Dialects mutually intelligible, though speakers of the latter three may understand Tai Ya dialect (the largest) more easily than speakers of Tai Ya understand the other three dialects. Some linguists have analyzed Tai Ya as most similar to Tai Nüa [tdd], others have grouped Tai Ya with other non-Buddhist Southwestern Tai groups. Tai Ya is probably not easily intelligible with other varieties of Tai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern More information.

Takpa [tkk] Tibetan Autonomous Region on the India border. Alternate names: Dakpa, Dwags. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western, Ladakhi More information.

Talu 他留语 [yta]

Tanglang [ytl] Northwest Yunnan Province, south Lijiang County, Tai’an District, Hongmai Community. Locals call this area “Tanglangba” or Tanglang Basin. Alternate names: Tholo. Dialects: Similar to Lisu [lis]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Tatar 塔塔尔语 [tat]

T’en [tct] 15,000 (1999 B. Wenze), decreasing. Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Guizhou Province, east Pingtang County; Dushan County; Huishui, just south of Guiyang. Alternate names: Rau, Then, Yang Hwang, Yanghuang. Dialects: Hedong, Hexi, Huishui. Similar to Sui [swi], some scholars consider T’en to be a dialect of Sui (Shearer and Sun 2002). Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui More information.

Thangmi [thf] 300 in China (2002). Tibetan Autonomous Region. Alternate names: Dolakha, Thami. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western Himalayish, Eastern More information.

Thopho [ytp] 200 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Guangnan County, South-central Zhetu District; northeast Zhulin District. Alternate names: Black Hat Folk, Black Phula, Hei Mao Ren, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.

Tibetan, Amdo 藏语安多方言 [adx]

Tibetan, Central 藏语卫藏方言 [bod]

Tibetan, Khams 藏语康方言 [khg]

Tinani [lbf] 450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Western Tibet border. Alternate names: Bhotia of Lahul, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli Tinan, Rangloi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western Himalayish, Kanauri More information.

Tsat 回辉话 [huq]

Tseku [tsk] 12,600 in China (2000). Population total all countries: 23,790. Tibetan Autonomous Region. Also in Bhutan, Nepal. Alternate names: Tsuku, Tzuku. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central More information.

Tshangla 仓洛门巴语 [tsj] 7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 8,923. Southeast Tibetan Autonomous Region, Linzhi Prefecture, Motuo (Medoz, Medog) County, Beibeng, Motuo, Bangxing, and Dexing districts; Dongjiu District, Linzhi (Ngingchi) County. Alternate names: Canglo Monba, Cangluo Menba, Cangluo Monba, Central Monpa, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo Menba, Sangla, Tsangla Monba, Tsanglo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Bodish, Tshangla More information.

Tu 土族语 [mjg]

Tujia, Northern 北土家语 [tji]

Tujia, Southern 南土家语 [tjs]

Tuva 图佤语 [tyv]

U

U 布朗语乌方言 [uuu]

Uyghur 维吾尔语 [uig]

Uzbek, Northern 北乌孜别克语 [uzn]

V

Vietnamese 京语 [vie]

W

Wa, Vo 佤语佤方言 [wbm]

Wakhi 瓦罕语 [wbl]

Waxianghua 瓦乡话 [wxa]

Wutunhua 五屯话 [wuh]

X

Xiandao 仙岛语 [xia]

Xibe 锡伯语 [sjo]

Y

Yerong [[]] [yrn] 380 (2000). West Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise Prefecture, Napo County, on the Yunnan Province and Viet Nam border; Longhe District, Rongtun and Gonghe villages; Pohe District, Shanhe, Yong’an and Guoba. Alternate names: Ban Yao, Da Ia, Daban Yao, Eastern Buyang, Guangxi Buyang, Ia Hrong, Iron Yao, Khyung Buyang, Liu Yao, Napo Buyang, Six Yao, Tie Yao, Tu Yao Indigenous Yao, Yalang, Yang Khyung, Yerong Buyang. Dialects: Yerong is closely related to, but not mutually intelligible with, the 3 Buyang languages. May be most similar to the recently discovered En [enc] of Northern Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 67% with Langnian Buyang [yln], 63% with E’ma Buyang [yzg], and 46% with Baha Buyang [yha]. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao, Buyang, Eastern More information.

Yugur, East 东部裕固语 [yuy]

Yugur, West 西部裕固语 [ybe]

Z

Zaiwa 载瓦语 [atb]

Zauzou [[]] [zal] 2,100 (Bradley 2007). About 10% monolingual, mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hongkai). Northwest Yunnan Province, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Lanping County, Tu’e, Biji, Wupijiang, Guoli, Xiaocun and Jiangmo districts; Lushui County, Luzhang, Shuilizhai and Liukuzhen districts and townships. Alternate names: Jaojo, Raorou, Rourou. Dialects: Bijilan, Wupijiang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central More information.

Zhaba [[]] [zhb] 7,700 (1995). Southwest Sichuan Province, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yajiang (Nyagquka) County, Zhamai District; Daofu (Dawu) County, Zhaba District; Litang and Xinlong counties. Alternate names: Zaba. Dialects: Eastern Zhaba, Western Zhaba. Similar to Queyu [qvy]. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic More information.

Zhuang 壮语 [zha]

Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe 壮语中红水河土语 [zch]

Zhuang, Dai 壮语文麻土语 [zhd]

Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe 壮语东红水河土语 [zeh]

Zhuang, Guibei 壮语桂北土语 [zgb]

Zhuang, Guibian 壮语桂边土语 [zgn]

Zhuang, Lianshan 壮语连山土语 [zln]

Zhuang, Liujiang 壮语柳江土语 [zlj]

Zhuang, Liuqian 壮语柳黔土语 [zlq]

Zhuang, Minz 壮语民讲 [zgm]

Zhuang, Nong 壮语砚广土语 [zhn]

Zhuang, Qiubei 壮语邱北土语 [zqe]

Zhuang, Yang 壮语德靖土语 [zyg]

Zhuang, Yongbei 壮语邕北土语 [zyb]

Zhuang, Yongnan 壮语邕南土语 [zyn]

Zhuang, Youjiang 壮语右江土语 [zyj]

Zhuang, Zuojiang 壮语左江土语 [zzj]

Zokhuo [[]] [yzk] 13,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southeast Wenshan, south Yanshan counties. Alternate names: Cowtail Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Ruoke, Tshokha, Zekhe, Zuoke. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern More information.