次氯酸：修订间差异

次氯酸
	IUPAC名; hypochlorous acid, chloric(I) acid, chloranol, hydroxidochlorine
别名	氯(I)酸、氯酸(I)
识别
CAS号	7790-92-3
PubChem	24341
ChemSpider	22757
SMILES	ClO;
InChI	1/ClHO/c1-2/h2H;
InChIKey	QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYAT
EINECS	232-232-5
ChEBI	24757
性质
化学式	HClO
摩尔质量	52.46 g·mol⁻¹
外观	无色水溶液
密度	可变化
溶解性（水）	可溶
pKa	7.53
危险性
主要危害	氧化剂
NFPA 704	0 3 4
相关物质
相关化学品	Cl2、次氯酸钙; 次氯酸钠
	若非注明，所有数据均出自标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

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2021年5月6日 (四) 01:22的版本

次氯酸，化学式为H Cl O，是一种不稳定的弱酸，由氯气溶于水而成。它会部分电离，形成次氯酸根 ClO⁻。 HClO 和ClO⁻ 都是氧化剂，也是氯水消毒的方法。^[2] HClO 无法从溶液里提纯。次氯酸钠 (NaClO) 和次氯酸钙 (Ca(ClO)₂)都是漂白剂、体香剂和消毒剂。

次氯酸可以在哺乳动物的白血球中找到，其中就包括人类。^[3]它是无毒的，并且多年来都被用作安全的伤口护理解决方案。^[4]

次氯酸溶解于水中后，具有很强的消毒性能，并且无毒，被认为是理想的清洁剂和消毒剂。^[5] 美国环境保护署已将其鉴定为对COVID-19有效的消毒剂，^[6] 由临床研究支持。

由于它具有穿透病原体膜的能力，因此也被用作商业除臭剂。

历史

1834年，次氯酸被法国化学家Antoine Jérôme Balard（英语：Antoine Jérôme Balard） (1802–1876) 发现了。他把稀氧化汞水溶液和氯气反应，生成次氯酸。^[7]他也对次氯酸和其盐进行了命名。

製取

当纯净的氯气通入水中时，会形成盐酸和次氯酸：

Cl₂ + H₂O ⇌ HCl + HClO　　K_W=1.56×10^-4

一氧化二氯溶於水會轉變為次氯酸：

Cl₂O + H₂O → 2HClO

化學性質

在水溶液中，次氯酸部分电离为次氯酸根离子（ClO⁻，也称为“次氯酸盐阴离子”）和氢离子（H⁺）：

HClO ⇌ H⁺ + ClO⁻

次氯酸中性溶液是一種比標準狀況下的氯更強的氧化劑：

2 HClO(aq) + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻ ⇌ Cl₂(g) + 2 H₂O　　E=+1.63V

注：标准状况指0℃，标准大气压下次氯酸不穩定，會慢慢發生自身氧化還原反應而分解，降低pH會促進該反應的進行：

{\rm {2HClO{=\!=}2HCl+O_{2}\uparrow }}

{\ce {3HClO-> 2HCl + HClO3}}

次氯酸是一種弱酸，可以和鹼發生酸鹼中和生成相應的鹽和水。例如：

HClO+NaOH→NaClO+H₂O

含有次氯酸根的盐被称为次氯酸盐。最广为人知的一种家用次氯酸盐消毒剂是次氯酸钠（NaClO）。

應用

在有机合成中， HClO 把烯烃转化成羟氯（英语：chlorohydrin）。^[8]
在生物学中，次氯酸是由髓过氧化物酶的活性嗜中性粒细胞中氧化氯离子而产生的，有助于破坏细菌。^[9]^[10]^[11]
在医学上，次氯酸水被用作消毒剂。^[3]^[4]^[5]
在伤口护理方面，^[12]^[13]^[14]截至2016年初，美国食品和药物管理局已批准其主要活性成分为次氯酸的产品，用于治疗伤口和人类和宠物的各种感染。它还被FDA批准为盐水溶液的防腐剂。
最近的研究表明，次氯酸适合消毒室内环境，如办公室，医院和保健诊所。^[15]
在食品服务和水分配方面，有时使用专门设备从水和盐中产生 HClO 溶液，以产生足够的安全（不稳定）消毒剂，以处理食品制备表面和供水。^[16]^[17] 因为它的不可燃和无毒的特点，它也常用于餐馆的消毒。
在水处理中，次氯酸是游泳池中的活性消毒剂。^[18]
此外，在船舶和游艇上，海洋卫生设备^[19] 使用电力将海水转化为次氯酸，在排放到海中之前对捣化粪便进行消毒。
在除臭方面，次氯酸可去除高达99%的恶臭，包括垃圾、腐烂的肉类、厕所、粪便和尿液气味。

次氯酸溶液

次氯酸溶液（也就是次氯酸水），在適當濃度下，可破壞病毒體及細菌細菌細胞膜，多用於居家環境消毒，建議使用的濃度為100～300 ppm；雖然其較漂白水的刺激性低，但對人類皮膚黏膜仍具刺激性傷害，濃度愈高刺激愈強。由於其照光易分解，也不耐高溫及空氣中的氧氣，所以保存期限不長，應貯於不透光容器、將瓶蓋關緊、且置於陰涼處，否則消毒效果不佳。^[20]

尽管制造次氯酸相对容易，但是次氯酸溶液难以维持稳定。直到最近几年，科学家才能够经济高效地生产和维护次氯酸水，以稳定地用于商业用途。

參考資料

^ Harris, Daniel C. Exploring Chemical Analysis, Fourth Edition: 538. 2009.
^ Sansebastiano, G. et al. Page 262 in Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study Approach (Ed: R. J. Marshall) 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Treating Chronic Wounds With Hypochlorous Acid Disrupts Biofilm. Today's Wound Clinic. [2021-02-08] （英语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Pure Hypochlorous Acid: A Primer on pH and Wound Solutions. WoundSource. 2020-11-05 [2021-02-08] （英语）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Block, Michael S.; Rowan, Brian G. Hypochlorous Acid: A Review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. September 2020, 78 (9): 1461–1466. ISSN 0278-2391. PMC 7315945 . PMID 32653307. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2020.06.029.
^ US EPA, OCSPP. List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19). US EPA. 2020-03-13 [2021-02-08] （英语）.
^
参见：
- Balard, A. J. Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons décolorantes du chlore [Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series. 1834, 57: 225–304 （法语）.
- Graham, Thomas. Elements of Chemistry vol. 4. London, England: H. Baillière. 1840: 367.
^ Unangst, P. C. "Hypochlorous Acid" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh073
^ Harrison, J. E.; J. Schultz. Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976, 251 (5): 1371–1374. PMID 176150. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33749-3 .
^ Thomas, E. L. Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1979, 23 (2): 522–531. PMC 414195 . PMID 217834. doi:10.1128/IAI.23.2.522-531.1979.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为ref3的参考文献提供内容
^ Wang L et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part I Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity". J Burns and Wounds 2007; April: 65–79.
^ Robson MC et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part II Stabilized hypochlorous acid: its role in decreasing tissue bacterial bioburden and overcoming the inhibition of infection on wound healing". Journal of Burns and Wounds 2007; April: 80–90.
^ Selkon, JB; et al. Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. J Wound Care. 2006, 2006 (15): 33–37. PMID 16669304. doi:10.12968/jowc.2006.15.1.26861.
^ Nguyen, Kate; Bui, Dinh; Hashemi, Mahak; Hocking, Dianna M; Mendis, Priyan; Strugnell, Richard A; Dharmage, Shyamali C. The Potential Use of Hypochlorous Acid and a Smart Prefabricated Sanitising Chamber to Reduce Occupation-Related COVID-19 Exposure. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2021-01-22, 14: 247–252. ISSN 1179-1594. PMC 7837568 . PMID 33519249. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S284897.
^ "Disinfection of Facility H₂O" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2019-01-22..
^ "Water Works: Hyatt's New Disinfectant/Cleaner Comes from the Tap", Bloomberg Businessweek.
^ Gonick, Larry; Criddle, Craig. Chapter 9 Acid Basics. The cartoon guide to chemistry 1st. HarperResource. 2005-05-03: 189. ISBN 9780060936778 （英语）. Similarly, we add HOCl to swimming pools to kill bacteria.
^ e.g. Raritan Electro Scan device
^ The science of chlorine-based disinfectant. Cleanroomtechnology. [2021-05-05].

外部链接

[1] Harris, Daniel C. Exploring Chemical Analysis, Fourth Edition: 538. 2009.

[2] Sansebastiano, G. et al. Page 262 in Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study Approach (Ed: R. J. Marshall) 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Treating Chronic Wounds With Hypochlorous Acid Disrupts Biofilm. Today's Wound Clinic. [2021-02-08] （英语）.

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Pure Hypochlorous Acid: A Primer on pH and Wound Solutions. WoundSource. 2020-11-05 [2021-02-08] （英语）.

[:2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Block, Michael S.; Rowan, Brian G. Hypochlorous Acid: A Review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. September 2020, 78 (9): 1461–1466. ISSN 0278-2391. PMC 7315945 . PMID 32653307. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2020.06.029.

[6] US EPA, OCSPP. List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19). US EPA. 2020-03-13 [2021-02-08] （英语）.

[7] 参见：
Balard, A. J. Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons décolorantes du chlore [Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series. 1834, 57: 225–304 （法语）.

Graham, Thomas. Elements of Chemistry vol. 4. London, England: H. Baillière. 1840: 367.

[8] Balard, A. J. Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons décolorantes du chlore [Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series. 1834, 57: 225–304 （法语）.

[9] Graham, Thomas. Elements of Chemistry vol. 4. London, England: H. Baillière. 1840: 367.

[8] Unangst, P. C. "Hypochlorous Acid" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh073

[9] Harrison, J. E.; J. Schultz. Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976, 251 (5): 1371–1374. PMID 176150. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33749-3 .

[ref93-10] Thomas, E. L. Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1979, 23 (2): 522–531. PMC 414195 . PMID 217834. doi:10.1128/IAI.23.2.522-531.1979.

[ref3-11] 引用错误：没有为名为ref3的参考文献提供内容

[12] Wang L et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part I Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity". J Burns and Wounds 2007; April: 65–79.

[13] Robson MC et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part II Stabilized hypochlorous acid: its role in decreasing tissue bacterial bioburden and overcoming the inhibition of infection on wound healing". Journal of Burns and Wounds 2007; April: 80–90.

[14] Selkon, JB; et al. Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. J Wound Care. 2006, 2006 (15): 33–37. PMID 16669304. doi:10.12968/jowc.2006.15.1.26861.

[15] Nguyen, Kate; Bui, Dinh; Hashemi, Mahak; Hocking, Dianna M; Mendis, Priyan; Strugnell, Richard A; Dharmage, Shyamali C. The Potential Use of Hypochlorous Acid and a Smart Prefabricated Sanitising Chamber to Reduce Occupation-Related COVID-19 Exposure. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2021-01-22, 14: 247–252. ISSN 1179-1594. PMC 7837568 . PMID 33519249. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S284897.

[16] "Disinfection of Facility H₂O" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2019-01-22..

[17] "Water Works: Hyatt's New Disinfectant/Cleaner Comes from the Tap", Bloomberg Businessweek.

[18] Gonick, Larry; Criddle, Craig. Chapter 9 Acid Basics. The cartoon guide to chemistry 1st. HarperResource. 2005-05-03: 189. ISBN 9780060936778 （英语）. Similarly, we add HOCl to swimming pools to kill bacteria.

[19] .g. Raritan Electro Scan device

[20] The science of chlorine-based disinfectant. Cleanroomtechnology. [2021-05-05].

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@@ 第97行： / 第97行： @@
 == 應用 ==
+* 在[[有机合成]]中， HClO 把[[烯烃]]转化成{{le|羟氯|chlorohydrin}}。<ref>Unangst, P. C. "Hypochlorous Acid" in ''Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis'' (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. {{doi|10.1002/047084289X.rh073}}</ref>
+* 在[[生物学]]中，次氯酸是由[[髓过氧化物酶]]的活性[[嗜中性粒细胞]]中氧化氯离子而产生的，有助于破坏[[细菌]]。<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Harrison, J. E. |author2=J. Schultz|year = 1976|title = Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase|journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume = 251|issue = 5|pages = 1371–1374|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33749-3|pmid = 176150|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name=ref93>{{cite journal|author = Thomas, E. L.|year = 1979|title = Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against ''Escherichia coli''|journal = Infect. Immun.|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 522–531|doi = 10.1128/IAI.23.2.522-531.1979|pmid = 217834|pmc = 414195}}</ref><ref name=ref3/>
-在[[哺乳動物]]中，[[嗜中性白细胞]]（Neutrophil）会製造次氯酸来杀灭[[细菌]]。
+*在医学上，次氯酸水被用作消毒剂。<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
+*在伤口护理方面，<ref>Wang L et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part I Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity". ''J Burns and Wounds'' 2007; April: 65–79.</ref><ref>Robson MC et al. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6339980_Hypochlorous_Acid_as_a_Potential_Wound_Care_Agent_Part_II_Stabilized_Hypochlorous_AcidIts_Role_in_Decreasing_Tissue_Bacterial_Bioburden_and_Overcoming_the_Inhibition_of_Infection_on_Wound_Healing "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part II Stabilized hypochlorous acid: its role in decreasing tissue bacterial bioburden and overcoming the inhibition of infection on wound healing"]. ''Journal of Burns and Wounds'' 2007; April: 80–90.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Selkon|first1=JB|display-authors=etal|year=2006|title=Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of venous leg ulcers|journal=J Wound Care|volume=2006|issue=15|pages=33–37|doi=10.12968/jowc.2006.15.1.26861|pmid=16669304}}</ref>截至2016年初，美国食品和药物管理局已批准其主要活性成分为次氯酸的产品，用于治疗伤口和人类和宠物的各种感染。它还被FDA批准为盐水溶液的防腐剂。
+*最近的研究表明，次氯酸适合消毒室内环境，如办公室，医院和保健诊所。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Kate|last2=Bui|first2=Dinh|last3=Hashemi|first3=Mahak|last4=Hocking|first4=Dianna M|last5=Mendis|first5=Priyan|last6=Strugnell|first6=Richard A|last7=Dharmage|first7=Shyamali C|date=2021-01-22|title=The Potential Use of Hypochlorous Acid and a Smart Prefabricated Sanitising Chamber to Reduce Occupation-Related COVID-19 Exposure|journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy|volume=14|pages=247–252|doi=10.2147/RMHP.S284897|issn=1179-1594|pmc=7837568|pmid=33519249}}</ref>
+* 在食品服务和水分配方面，有时使用专门设备从水和盐中产生 HClO 溶液，以产生足够的安全（不稳定）消毒剂，以处理食品制备表面和供水。<ref>[http://www.h2oxide.com/downloads/pdf/Disinfection%20of%20Facility%20H2O.pdf "Disinfection of Facility H<sub>2</sub>O"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122201156/http://www.h2oxide.com/downloads/pdf/Disinfection%20of%20Facility%20H2O.pdf |date=2019-01-22 }}.</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-12-21/water-works-hyatts-new-disinfectant-cleaner-comes-from-the-tap "Water Works: Hyatt's New Disinfectant/Cleaner Comes from the Tap"], ''Bloomberg Businessweek''.</ref> 因为它的不可燃和无毒的特点，它也常用于餐馆的消毒。
+* 在水处理中，次氯酸是游泳池中的活性消毒剂。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gonick |first1=Larry |last2=Criddle |first2=Craig |title=The cartoon guide to chemistry |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoch00gonirich |chapter-url-access=registration |publisher=HarperResource |isbn=9780060936778 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoch00gonirich/page/189 189] |edition=1st |language=en |chapter=Chapter 9 Acid Basics |quote=Similarly, we add HOCl to swimming pools to kill bacteria.|date=2005-05-03 }}</ref>
+* 此外，在船舶和游艇上，海洋卫生设备<ref>[http://raritaneng.com/pdf_files/electroscan/Electroscanmanual.pdf e.g. Raritan Electro Scan device]</ref> 使用电力将海水转化为次氯酸，在排放到海中之前对捣化粪便进行消毒。
+*在除臭方面，次氯酸可去除高达99%的恶臭，包括垃圾、腐烂的肉类、厕所、粪便和尿液气味。
 ==次氯酸溶液==