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香菜大屠殺：修订间差异

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{{Infobox civilian attack
{{unreferenced|time=2012-8-29}}
| title = 香菜大屠殺
'''香菜大屠殺'''（{{lang-es|Masacre del Perejil}}，{{lang-en|Parsley Massacre}}），1937年10月在[[海地]]發生的[[種族滅絕]]事件(起因是兩國邊界爭議)，多明尼加共和國稱呼此次屠殺事件為'''大斬殺'''（{{lang-es|El Corte}}），海地人則稱為'''持刀伤人'''（[[海地克里奧爾語]]：Kouto-a）。[[多明尼加共和國]]總統[[拉斐爾·特魯希略]]下令對居住在邊界的[[海地]]人民展開屠殺行動，在五天內造成海地超過20,000位居民死亡。
| partof =
| image = Haitian corpses after the 1937 massacre.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 香菜大屠殺中被殺害的海地人
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = {{flag|多明尼加}}
| target = [[多明尼加的海地人]]
| coordinates =
| date = {{start date|1937|10|2}} –{{end date|1937|10|8}}
| time =
| timezone =
| motive = [[反海地情緒]]
| type = [[屠杀]]、[[种族灭绝]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turtis |first1=Richard Lee |title=A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=August 2002 |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=589–635 |doi=10.1215/00182168-82-3-589 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12744 |access-date=2020-06-26 |archive-date=2017-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083211/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12744 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paulino |first1=Edward |title=Bearing Witness to Genocide: The 1937 Haitian Massacre and Border of Lights |journal=Afro-Hispanic Review |date=Fall 2013 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |jstor=24585148 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Garcia |first1=Juan Manuel |title=La matanza de los haitianos: genocidio de Trujillo, 1937 |date=1983 |publisher=Editorial Alfa & Omega |pages=59, 69–71}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roorda |first1=Eric Paul |title=Genocide Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy, the Trujillo Regime, and the Haitian Massacre of 1937 |journal=Diplomatic History |date=July 1996 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=301–319 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karczewska |first1=Anna Maria |title=Reconstructing and (De)constructing Borderlands: The Parsley Massacre: Genocide on the Borderlands of Hispaniola in the Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat |pages=149–165}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pena |first1=Julissa |title="Yo soy negro, pero negro blanco:" Hispanicity, Antihaitianism and Genocide in the Dominican Republic |url=https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1888&context=etd_hon_theses |publisher=Wesleyan University |access-date=2020-06-26 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907025211/http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1888&context=etd_hon_theses |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| fatalities = 12,168人至35,000人<ref name=Wucker>{{cite book|title= Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tFToAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|isbn= 9781466867888|last1= Wucker|first1= Michele|date= 2014-04-08|access-date= 2017-10-13|archive-date= 2020-10-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201003021409/https://books.google.com/books?id=tFToAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|dead-url= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2uK6bR9byVIC&pg=RA1-PA133|isbn= 9780313351341|last1= Newman|first1= Graeme R|date= 2010-10-19|access-date= 2017-10-13|archive-date= 2019-04-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011656/https://books.google.com/books?id=2uK6bR9byVIC&pg=RA1-PA133|dead-url= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CMya7T_-dRYC&pg=PA1933|isbn= 9781471114779|last1= Tunzelmann|first1= Alex von|date= 2012-09-13|access-date= 2017-10-13|archive-date= 2019-04-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011713/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMya7T_-dRYC&pg=PA1933|dead-url= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Did You Know?: Over One Hundred Facts about Haiti and Her Children|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qoQyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|isbn= 9781491776896|last1= Charlot|first1= Marjorie|date= 2015-11-19}}</ref>
| injuries =
| victims =
| perps = 多明尼加軍隊
| weapons = [[開山刀]]、[[刺刀]]、{{tsl|en|Krag-Jørgensen|克拉格-喬根森步槍|克拉格步槍}}
| numparts = <!-- or | numpart = -->
| dfens = <!-- or | dfen = -->
| website = <!-- URL|example.com}} -->
}}


'''香菜大屠殺'''（{{lang-es|Masacre del Perejil}}），1937年10月在[[海地]]發生的[[種族滅絕]]事件(起因是兩國邊界爭議)，多明尼加共和國稱呼此次屠殺事件為'''大斬殺'''（{{lang-es|El Corte}}）<ref name="windows">{{cite web | last= Wucker | first= Michele | title= The River Massacre: The Real and Imagined Borders of Hispaniola | work= Windows on Haiti | url= http://www.windowsonhaiti.com/wucker1.shtml | access-date= 2007-12-16 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160208/http://www.windowsonhaiti.com/wucker1.shtml <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archive-date= 2007-09-28}}</ref>，海地人則稱為'''持刀伤人'''（[[海地克里奧爾語]]：Kout kouto-a<ref>Lauro Capdevila, ''La dictature de Trujillo : République dominicaine, 1930–1961'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998</ref>）。[[多明尼加共和國]]總統[[拉斐爾·特魯希略]]為[[反海地情緒|反海地者]]，認為海地人在種族、文化上較為低等，[[多明尼加的海地人|遷移至多明尼加的海地人]]可能對多明尼加的經濟與社會造成危害<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdS_CQAAQBAJ&q=There+is+no+feeling+of+humanity,+nor+political+reason,+nor+any+circumstantial+convenience+that+can+force+us+to+look+indifferently+at+the+Haitian+migration.+That+type+is+frankly+undesirable.&pg=PT55|title=Caribbean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Caribbean Region|last1=Law|first1=I.|last2=Tate|first2=S.|date=2015-05-19|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137287281|access-date=2020-10-02|archive-date=2020-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003021410/https://books.google.com/books?id=MdS_CQAAQBAJ&q=There+is+no+feeling+of+humanity%2C+nor+political+reason%2C+nor+any+circumstantial+convenience+that+can+force+us+to+look+indifferently+at+the+Haitian+migration.+That+type+is+frankly+undesirable.&pg=PT55|dead-url=no}}</ref>，因而下令全國軍隊對居住在邊界的[[海地]]人民展開屠殺行動<ref name=Turits>
⚫
香菜大屠殺的名稱由來是因為[[多明尼加]]軍隊為了區分使用[[西班牙語]]的多明尼克人，與使用[[法語]]的海地人，而採用的一個[[示播列|口令]]。多明尼克軍人手上會拿著一把[[香芹]]（{{lang-es|Perejil}}），詢問對方，看他能不能清楚的以西班牙語回答。如果不能以西班牙語清楚的發音說出{{lang|es|Perejil}}，就會被認定是海地人而加以殺害。使用[[法語]]與[[海地克里奧爾語]]的人，在發r音時，採用[[濁小舌擦音]]，因此很難清楚發出西班牙語r的[[齒齦閃音]]與[[齒齦顫音]]。在[[多明尼加共和國]]中，稱呼這次屠殺為'''大斬殺'''（{{lang-es|El Corte}}），因為多明尼加軍隊是以大砍刀來殺害海地人，而不是使用槍枝。
{{cite book
|last1= Turits|first1= Richard Lee
|title= Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History
|date= 2004|publisher= Stanford University Press|
}}
</ref>{{rp|161}}，在五天內造成超過20,000名海地人死亡<ref name="Introspections">pg 78 – {{cite book|last=Robert Pack (editor), Jay Parini (Editor)|title=Introspections|publisher=PUB|page=2222}}<br />''On 2 October 1937, Trujillo had ordered 10,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the "R" in perejil the Spanish word for parsley.''</ref><ref name="Alan_Cambeira">{{cite book|last=Cambeira|first=Alan|title=Quisqueya la bella|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1997|isbn=1-56324-936-7|edition=1996|page=182}}<br />''anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.''</ref>，甚至有紀錄兒童被拋上空中再被刺刀刺穿<ref>{{cite book|title=Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PI2oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT218|isbn=9780822981039|last1=Paulino|first1=Edward|date=2016-02-16}}</ref>，幾乎所有邊界地帶的海地人都被殺害或逃出多明尼加<ref name=Turits/>{{rp|630}}。

⚫
香菜大屠殺的名稱由來是因為[[多明尼加]]軍隊為了區分使用[[西班牙語]]的多明尼克人，與使用[[法語]]的海地人，而採用的一個[[示播列|口令]]。多明尼克軍人手上會拿著一把[[香芹]]（{{lang-es|Perejil}}），詢問對方，看他能不能清楚的以西班牙語回答。如果不能以西班牙語清楚的發音說出{{lang|es|Perejil}}，就會被認定是海地人而加以殺害。使用[[法語]]與[[海地克里奧爾語]]的人，在發r音時，採用[[濁小舌擦音]]，因此很難清楚發出西班牙語r的[[齒齦閃音]]與[[齒齦顫音]]。在[[多明尼加共和國]]中，稱呼這次屠殺為大斬殺（{{lang-es|El Corte}}），因為許多多明尼加軍隊是以大砍刀來殺害海地人，較少使用槍枝。後來英文媒體也常使用香菜大屠殺（{{lang-en|Parsley Massacre}}）一詞，但多數學者認為此軼事為虛構，並無生還者提到屠殺中有使用香芹的情形<ref>{{cite web|title=Hispaniola: Trujillo's Voudou Legacy|url=http://therevealer.org/archives/16375|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125140004/http://therevealer.org/archives/16375|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-01-25}}</ref>。

事後特魯希略加緊開發邊境地區<ref name=Turits/>{{rp|623}}，並限制每年海地移民的配額，並仍持續迫害、遣返海地移民<ref>{{cite book |first=Eric Paul |last=Roorda |title=The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930–1945 |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1998 |page=132 |isbn=082232234X }}</ref>。最後美國總統[[富兰克林·罗斯福]]與海地總統[[斯泰尼奥·樊尚]]要求多明尼加支付75萬美元賠款，多明尼加支付了52萬5000美元（約當於{{Inflation-year|US}}年的{{Inflation|US|525000|1937|r=2}}美元），但多數為海地腐敗的官僚系統所獲，生還者每人僅得到2美分的賠償<ref name="Madison_Smartt_Bell">p.41 – {{cite journal | first = Madison Smartt | last = Bell|title= A Hidden Haitian World | volume= 55 | issue = 12 | date = 2008-07-17 |journal= New York Review of Books }}</ref>。


==參見==
==參見==
第8行： 第44行：
*[[關東大地震|關東大地震#關於朝鮮人的報導]]
*[[關東大地震|關東大地震#關於朝鮮人的報導]]


==參考文獻==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{群體滅絕主題}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1937年事件]]
[[Category:1937年事件]]
[[Category:海地歷史]]
[[Category:海地歷史]]

2021年5月16日 (日) 20:38的版本

香菜大屠殺
File:Haitian corpses after the 1937 massacre.jpg
香菜大屠殺中被殺害的海地人
位置 多米尼加
日期1937年10月2日 (1937-10-02) –1937年10月8日 (1937-10-08)
目標多明尼加的海地人
類型屠杀、种族灭绝[1][2][3][4][5][6]
武器開山刀、刺刀、克拉格步槍（英语：Krag-Jørgensen）
死亡12,168人至35,000人[7][8][9][10]
主謀多明尼加軍隊
動機反海地情緒

香菜大屠殺（西班牙語：Masacre del Perejil），1937年10月在海地發生的種族滅絕事件(起因是兩國邊界爭議)，多明尼加共和國稱呼此次屠殺事件為大斬殺（西班牙語：El Corte）[11]，海地人則稱為持刀伤人（海地克里奧爾語：Kout kouto-a[12]）。多明尼加共和國總統拉斐爾·特魯希略為反海地者，認為海地人在種族、文化上較為低等，遷移至多明尼加的海地人可能對多明尼加的經濟與社會造成危害[13]，因而下令全國軍隊對居住在邊界的海地人民展開屠殺行動[14]:161，在五天內造成超過20,000名海地人死亡[15][16]，甚至有紀錄兒童被拋上空中再被刺刀刺穿[17]，幾乎所有邊界地帶的海地人都被殺害或逃出多明尼加[14]:630。

香菜大屠殺的名稱由來是因為多明尼加軍隊為了區分使用西班牙語的多明尼克人，與使用法語的海地人，而採用的一個口令。多明尼克軍人手上會拿著一把香芹（西班牙語：Perejil），詢問對方，看他能不能清楚的以西班牙語回答。如果不能以西班牙語清楚的發音說出Perejil，就會被認定是海地人而加以殺害。使用法語與海地克里奧爾語的人，在發r音時，採用濁小舌擦音，因此很難清楚發出西班牙語r的齒齦閃音與齒齦顫音。在多明尼加共和國中，稱呼這次屠殺為大斬殺（西班牙語：El Corte），因為許多多明尼加軍隊是以大砍刀來殺害海地人，較少使用槍枝。後來英文媒體也常使用香菜大屠殺（英語：Parsley Massacre）一詞，但多數學者認為此軼事為虛構，並無生還者提到屠殺中有使用香芹的情形[18]。

事後特魯希略加緊開發邊境地區[14]:623，並限制每年海地移民的配額，並仍持續迫害、遣返海地移民[19]。最後美國總統富兰克林·罗斯福與海地總統斯泰尼奥·樊尚要求多明尼加支付75萬美元賠款，多明尼加支付了52萬5000美元（約當於2023年的11127083.33美元），但多數為海地腐敗的官僚系統所獲，生還者每人僅得到2美分的賠償[20]。

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Turtis, Richard Lee. A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic. Hispanic American Historical Review. August 2002, 82 (3): 589–635 [2020-06-26]. doi:10.1215/00182168-82-3-589. （原始内容存档于2017-02-13）. 
  2. ^ Paulino, Edward. Bearing Witness to Genocide: The 1937 Haitian Massacre and Border of Lights. Afro-Hispanic Review. Fall 2013, 32 (2): 111–118. JSTOR 24585148. 
  3. ^ Garcia, Juan Manuel. La matanza de los haitianos: genocidio de Trujillo, 1937. Editorial Alfa & Omega. 1983: 59, 69–71. 
  4. ^ Roorda, Eric Paul. Genocide Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy, the Trujillo Regime, and the Haitian Massacre of 1937. Diplomatic History. July 1996, 20 (3): 301–319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x. 
  5. ^ Karczewska, Anna Maria. Reconstructing and (De)constructing Borderlands: The Parsley Massacre: Genocide on the Borderlands of Hispaniola in the Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat. : 149–165. 
  6. ^ Pena, Julissa. "Yo soy negro, pero negro blanco:" Hispanicity, Antihaitianism and Genocide in the Dominican Republic. Wesleyan University. [2020-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-07）. 
  7. ^ Wucker, Michele. Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola. 2014-04-08 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9781466867888. （原始内容存档于2020-10-03）. 
  8. ^ Newman, Graeme R. Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. 2010-10-19 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9780313351341. （原始内容存档于2019-04-19）. 
  9. ^ Tunzelmann, Alex von. Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. 2012-09-13 [2017-10-13]. ISBN 9781471114779. （原始内容存档于2019-04-19）. 
  10. ^ Charlot, Marjorie. Did You Know?: Over One Hundred Facts about Haiti and Her Children. 2015-11-19. ISBN 9781491776896. 
  11. ^ Wucker, Michele. The River Massacre: The Real and Imagined Borders of Hispaniola. Windows on Haiti. [2007-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-28）. 
  12. ^ Lauro Capdevila, La dictature de Trujillo : République dominicaine, 1930–1961, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998
  13. ^ Law, I.; Tate, S. Caribbean Racisms: Connections and Complexities in the Racialization of the Caribbean Region. Springer. 2015-05-19 [2020-10-02]. ISBN 9781137287281. （原始内容存档于2020-10-03）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Turits, Richard Lee. Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History. Stanford University Press. 2004. 
  15. ^ pg 78 – Robert Pack (editor), Jay Parini (Editor). Introspections. PUB. : 2222. 
    On 2 October 1937, Trujillo had ordered 10,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the "R" in perejil the Spanish word for parsley.
  16. ^ Cambeira, Alan. Quisqueya la bella 1996. M.E. Sharpe. 1997: 182. ISBN 1-56324-936-7. 
    anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.
  17. ^ Paulino, Edward. Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961. 2016-02-16. ISBN 9780822981039. 
  18. ^ Hispaniola: Trujillo's Voudou Legacy. （原始内容存档于2013-01-25）. 
  19. ^ Roorda, Eric Paul. The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930–1945. Durham: Duke University Press. 1998: 132. ISBN 082232234X. 
  20. ^ p.41 – Bell, Madison Smartt. A Hidden Haitian World. New York Review of Books. 2008-07-17, 55 (12). 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=香菜大屠殺&oldid=65652316”