多配偶制:修订间差异

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{{not|多边恋|非單配偶制|开放式关系}}
{{not|多边恋|非單配偶制|开放式关系}}
{{親密關係}}
{{親密關係}}
[[File:Legality of polygamy.svg|thumb|多配偶制在世界各地的合法性]]
'''多重配偶制''',简称'''多偶制''',是指在[[婚姻]]裡有多於一個配偶的制度,与[[单偶制]]相对。
'''多重配偶制'''([[希臘語]]:{{lang|el|πολυγαμία}}<ref name="Harper">{{OEtymD|polygamy}} {{Cite web |title=Polygamy &#124; Etymology, origin and meaning of polygamy by etymonline |url=http://etymonline.com/?term=Polygamy |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/20160201154242/etymonline.com/?term=Polygamy |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|polugami/a|πολυγαμία|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=πολυγαμία |url=http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=πολυγαμία |url-status=live |work=Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek |language=el |publisher=[[Center for the Greek Language]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160201152346/http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1 |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Modern Greek|language=el|first=Georgios|last=Babiniotis|author-link=Georgios Babiniotis|chapter=s.v. πολυγαμία|publisher=Lexicology Centre|year=2002|title-link=Babiniotis dictionary}}</ref>,[[英語]]:{{lang|en|Polygamy}}),简称'''多偶制''',是指在[[婚姻]]裡至少一方有多於一個配偶的制度,与[[单偶制]]相对。依據各方人數可分爲單複制與雙複制,單複制依據性別可分爲[[一夫多妻制]]與[[一妻多夫制]]。多偶通常指事實上的婚姻關係,無論法律或當局是否承認。多偶制有时也被其支持者稱爲'''复合婚姻''',但在僅准許單配偶制的社会中,实践多偶制可能会被认定为[[重婚]]而遭到[[起訴]]。


在容許多偶的社會中,絕大多數只接受一夫多妻制。[[人類關係區域檔案]](1988)所記載的1231个社会中,588个常有一夫多妻制,453个偶尔有一夫多妻制,186个為一夫一妻制,4个有一妻多夫制<ref name="Atlas">[http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf ''Ethnographic Atlas Codebook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232413/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf|date=18 November 2012}} derived from George P. Murdock's ''Ethnographic Atlas'' recording the marital composition of 1231 societies from 1960 to 1980</ref>——然而新近研究表明一妻多夫制比此前的認識更為普遍<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Starkweather |first1=Katherine E |last2=Hames |first2=Raymond |year=2012 |title=A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry |journal=Human Nature |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=149–172 |citeseerx=10.1.1.697.138 |doi=10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x |pmid=22688804 |s2cid=2008559}}</ref>。多偶制在所在文化中的流行通常與[[社會階層]]和[[社会经济地位]]相關<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303252577|title=Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies|first=Casey|last=Golomski|date=6 January 2016|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>。
多偶制支持者有时也以'''复合婚姻'''称呼该制度,但在实行[[一夫一妻制]]的社会中,实践多偶制可能会被认定为'''重婚'''而遭到[[起诉]]。


{{fact|不同的社會的不同时期對多重配偶有不同的限制或容忍,例如[[古代中國]],一個丈夫只能有一個[[妻子]],但是可以在同时和奴婢保持性关系,并在一定的条件下可以同时拥有用于生育的[[妾侍]];不過除了[[西藏]]某些民族外,一個妻子卻未必能夠有多於一個[[丈夫]]。而直到現在,在奉行[[伊斯蘭教]]的國家有不少都容許男性有最多四名妻子。另外,一些地區仍然保持着[[群婚]]、[[亂婚]]的制度。}}
{{fact|不同的社會的不同时期對多重配偶有不同的限制或容忍,例如[[古代中國]],一個丈夫只能有一個[[妻子]],但是可以在同时和奴婢保持性关系,并在一定的条件下可以同时拥有用于生育的[[妾侍]];不過除了[[西藏]]某些民族外,一個妻子卻未必能夠有多於一個[[丈夫]]。而直到現在,在奉行[[伊斯蘭教]]的國家有不少都容許男性有最多四名妻子。另外,一些地區仍然保持着[[群婚]]、[[亂婚]]的制度。}}
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== 現況 ==
== 現況 ==
截至2019年,逾二成美國人在人生中嘗試過合意的[[多偶制|非一對一的伴侶關係]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haupert |first1=M. L. |last2=Gesselman |first2=Amanda N. |last3=Moors |first3=Amy C. |last4=Fisher |first4=Helen E. |last5=Garcia |first5=Justin R. |date=2017-07-04 |title=Prevalence of Experiences With Consensual Nonmonogamous Relationships: Findings From Two National Samples of Single Americans |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=424–440 |doi=10.1080/0092623X.2016.1178675 |issn=0092-623X |pmid=27096488 |s2cid=6855648}}</ref>。据引心理學家Jessica Fern,截至2020年9月,約有4%即近1600萬美國人正在實踐非一對一的伴侶關係<ref>{{cite web |last=Kavanagh |first=Jess |date=September 19, 2020 |title=Building bridges: How polyamory made me a better friend, lover and person |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/building-bridges-how-polyamory-made-me-a-better-friend-lover-and-person-1.4358418 |website=Irish Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003180651/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/building-bridges-how-polyamory-made-me-a-better-friend-lover-and-person-1.4358418?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fpeople%2Fbuilding-bridges-how-polyamory-made-me-a-better-friend-lover-and-person-1.4358418 |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref>。[[金賽性、性別與生殖研究中心]]估計2009年7月在美國有五十萬公開的多元之愛家庭<ref>{{cite web |last=Bennett |first=Jessica |date=July 29, 2009 |title=Polyamory: The Next Sexual Revolution? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polyamory-next-sexual-revolution-82053 |url-status=live |website=[[Newsweek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104142851/https://www.newsweek.com/polyamory-next-sexual-revolution-82053 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Newitz |first=Annalee |date=July 7, 2006 |title=Love Unlimited: The Polyamorists |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125591-800-love-unlimited-the-polyamorists/ |url-status=live |website=[[New Scientist]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025921/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125591-800-love-unlimited-the-polyamorists/ |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref>。

2017年,[[加利福尼亚州]]首度有三位男子在其嬰孩的出生證明上一并登記為父親<ref>{{cite web |last=Feldman |first=Jamie |date=December 23, 2020 |title=This Throuple Made History With Their First Child. Here's What Their Lives Are Like. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poly-relationship-adoption-embryo-surrogate_n_5fc92247c5b6d7412e5f4026 |url-status=live |website=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302022803/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poly-relationship-adoption-embryo-surrogate_n_5fc92247c5b6d7412e5f4026 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 13, 2021}}</ref>。2018年6月,[[紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省]]一個法庭承認三位未婚的成年人是他們所組成的多元之愛家庭的孩子的合法父母;据信是爲加拿大司法首例。此三成年人包括孩子的生母與兩位男子。<ref>{{cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Michael |date=June 14, 2018 |title=3 adults in polyamorous relationship declared legal parents by N. L. court |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/polyamourous-relationship-three-parents-1.4706560 |url-status=live |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224192515/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/polyamourous-relationship-three-parents-1.4706560 |archive-date=December 24, 2020 |access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref>2021年4月,[[不列颠哥伦比亚省]]最高法院宣判一位女子是一個[[三角家庭]]的第三合法父母<ref name="Labbé 2021">{{cite web |last=Labbé |first=Stefan |date=2021-04-28 |title=B.C. judge declares woman third legal parent in polyamorous 'triad' |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-judge-declares-woman-third-legal-parent-in-polyamorous-triad-1.24312700 |url-status=live |website=Times Colonist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060212/https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-judge-declares-woman-third-legal-parent-in-polyamorous-triad-1.24312700 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref>。
2017年,[[加利福尼亚州]]首度有三位男子在其嬰孩的出生證明上一并登記為父親<ref>{{cite web |last=Feldman |first=Jamie |date=December 23, 2020 |title=This Throuple Made History With Their First Child. Here's What Their Lives Are Like. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poly-relationship-adoption-embryo-surrogate_n_5fc92247c5b6d7412e5f4026 |url-status=live |website=[[HuffPost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302022803/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poly-relationship-adoption-embryo-surrogate_n_5fc92247c5b6d7412e5f4026 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 13, 2021}}</ref>。2018年6月,[[紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省]]一個法庭承認三位未婚的成年人是他們所組成的多元之愛家庭的孩子的合法父母;据信是爲加拿大司法首例。此三成年人包括孩子的生母與兩位男子。<ref>{{cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Michael |date=June 14, 2018 |title=3 adults in polyamorous relationship declared legal parents by N. L. court |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/polyamourous-relationship-three-parents-1.4706560 |url-status=live |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224192515/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/polyamourous-relationship-three-parents-1.4706560 |archive-date=December 24, 2020 |access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref>2021年4月,[[不列颠哥伦比亚省]]最高法院宣判一位女子是一個[[三角家庭]]的第三合法父母<ref name="Labbé 2021">{{cite web |last=Labbé |first=Stefan |date=2021-04-28 |title=B.C. judge declares woman third legal parent in polyamorous 'triad' |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-judge-declares-woman-third-legal-parent-in-polyamorous-triad-1.24312700 |url-status=live |website=Times Colonist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828060212/https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-judge-declares-woman-third-legal-parent-in-polyamorous-triad-1.24312700 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref>。


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[[Category:多配偶制| ]]
[[Category:多配偶制| ]]
[[Category:婚配制度]]
[[Category:婚配制度]]
<references />{{culture-stub}}{{Authority control}}
<references />{{Authority control}}

2022年8月16日 (二) 04:05的版本

多配偶制在世界各地的合法性

多重配偶制希臘語πολυγαμία[1][2][3][4]英語Polygamy),简称多偶制,是指在婚姻裡至少一方有多於一個配偶的制度,与单偶制相对。依據各方人數可分爲單複制與雙複制,單複制依據性別可分爲一夫多妻制一妻多夫制。多偶通常指事實上的婚姻關係,無論法律或當局是否承認。多偶制有时也被其支持者稱爲复合婚姻,但在僅准許單配偶制的社会中,实践多偶制可能会被认定为重婚而遭到起訴

在容許多偶的社會中,絕大多數只接受一夫多妻制。人類關係區域檔案(1988)所記載的1231个社会中,588个常有一夫多妻制,453个偶尔有一夫多妻制,186个為一夫一妻制,4个有一妻多夫制[5]——然而新近研究表明一妻多夫制比此前的認識更為普遍[6]。多偶制在所在文化中的流行通常與社會階層社会经济地位相關[7]

不同的社會的不同时期對多重配偶有不同的限制或容忍,例如古代中國,一個丈夫只能有一個妻子,但是可以在同时和奴婢保持性关系,并在一定的条件下可以同时拥有用于生育的妾侍;不過除了西藏某些民族外,一個妻子卻未必能夠有多於一個丈夫。而直到現在,在奉行伊斯蘭教的國家有不少都容許男性有最多四名妻子。另外,一些地區仍然保持着群婚亂婚的制度。[來源請求]

形式

現況

2017年,加利福尼亚州首度有三位男子在其嬰孩的出生證明上一并登記為父親[8]。2018年6月,紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省一個法庭承認三位未婚的成年人是他們所組成的多元之愛家庭的孩子的合法父母;据信是爲加拿大司法首例。此三成年人包括孩子的生母與兩位男子。[9]2021年4月,不列颠哥伦比亚省最高法院宣判一位女子是一個三角家庭的第三合法父母[10]

2020年6月,麻薩諸塞州萨默维尔市議會票決承認該市的多元家庭伴侶英语Domestic partnership關係,為全美第一。[11][12][13][14]2021年3月,麻薩諸塞州劍橋市議會修改該市法律,規定家庭伴侶關係不必僅限於二位伴侶[15][16][17],次月該州阿靈頓鎮亦作同樣的批准[18]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Harper, Douglas. polygamy. Online Etymology Dictionary.  Polygamy | Etymology, origin and meaning of polygamy by etymonline. [1 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于1 February 2016).  无效|url-status=bot: unknown (帮助)
  2. ^ πολυγαμία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  3. ^ πολυγαμία. Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek. Center for the Greek Language. (原始内容存档于1 February 2016) (希腊语). 
  4. ^ Babiniotis, Georgios. s.v. πολυγαμία. Dictionary of Modern Greek. Lexicology Centre. 2002 (希腊语). 
  5. ^ Ethnographic Atlas Codebook 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期18 November 2012. derived from George P. Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas recording the marital composition of 1231 societies from 1960 to 1980
  6. ^ Starkweather, Katherine E; Hames, Raymond. A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry. Human Nature. 2012, 23 (2): 149–172. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.697.138可免费查阅. PMID 22688804. S2CID 2008559. doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x. 
  7. ^ Golomski, Casey. Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. 6 January 2016 –通过ResearchGate. 
  8. ^ Feldman, Jamie. This Throuple Made History With Their First Child. Here's What Their Lives Are Like.. HuffPost. December 23, 2020 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 2, 2021). 
  9. ^ MacDonald, Michael. 3 adults in polyamorous relationship declared legal parents by N. L. court. CBC News. June 14, 2018 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 24, 2020). 
  10. ^ Labbé, Stefan. B.C. judge declares woman third legal parent in polyamorous 'triad'. Times Colonist. 2021-04-28 [2021-08-28]. (原始内容存档于August 28, 2021). 
  11. ^ Stening, Tanner. Somerville City Council passes ordinance recognizing polyamorous domestic partnerships. masslive. July 1, 2020 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 2, 2020). 
  12. ^ Taliesin, Julia. Somerville votes to recognize polyamorous domestic partnerships. It is one of the first in nation.. MetroWest Daily News, Framingham, MA. [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 1, 2020). 
  13. ^ McNamara, Audrey. Massachusetts city officially recognizes polyamorous relationships. CBS News. July 3, 2020 [December 14, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 3, 2020). 
  14. ^ Greenberg, Zoe. Somerville's new polyamory-friendly policy a 'turning point'. Boston Globe. July 2, 2020 [December 14, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 3, 2020). 
  15. ^ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan. Cambridge Will Recognize Polyamorous Partnerships and Other Domestic Arrangements With More Than 2 Adults. Reason.com. March 10, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 10, 2021). 
  16. ^ Cambridge City Council meeting - March 8, 2021 - AGENDA. Cambridge Civic Journal. March 8, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 8, 2021).  This is a publication run by a man named Robert Winters, who is a civic watcher of the Cambridge, MA government.
  17. ^ Adams, Diana; Chen, Alexander. Cambridge Becomes 2nd US City to Legalize Polyamorous Domestic Partnerships (PDF) (新闻稿). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Polyamory Legal Advocacy Coalition. March 9, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于March 9, 2021). 
  18. ^ Collings, Jesse. Town Meeting approves domestic partnership for relationships with more than two people. Wicked Local. [May 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于May 13, 2021).