女性主义形而上学：修订间差异

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2022年11月26日 (六) 14:48的版本

女性主义形而上学，探討形而上学和性别歧视的議題。 ^[1]女性主义形而上学与心灵哲學、自我哲學等领域都有關係。 ^[1] 萨利·哈斯兰格、 ^[2] Ásta 、 ^[3]和朱迪斯·巴特勒 ^[4]等女性主义形而上学家为了推进女性主义，试图解释性别的本质。 Robin Dembroff ^[5]和Talia Mae Bettcher ^[6]等哲学家則解释跨性別和非二元性別的問題。

社会建设

西蒙娜·德·波娃 (Simone de Beauvoir ) 是第一位区分性与性别的女性主义哲學家，正如她的名言：“一个女人不是天生就是女人，而是由社會構成。”^[4]在她的著作《第二性》中提出，雖然生理特征区分了男性和女性，但这些特征不能證明女性會為社會帶來不利條件。 ^[4]自波娃以来，许多女性主义者认为，社會的建构强化了社会等级制度。 ^[7]后来的哲學家，如朱迪思·巴特勒 (Judith Butler)則认为性与社会性别一样是由社会建构的。 ^[4]因此，女性主义形而上学探討性和性别的自然性。

女性主义形而上学亦會對女性團体作註釋，为女性主义提供一個理論基礎。 ^[8]这些理論向來以顺性别女性为中心，但最近亦包括跨性别女性。 ^[9] ^[10] ^[6] Robin Dembroff 亦為非二元性别作一個形而上学解释。 ^[5]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Sveinsdóttir, Ásta Kristjana. Feminist Metaphysics. Zalta, Edward N. (编). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2011. 2011. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 224325075. Authors list列表缺少|last1= (帮助)
^ Haslanger, Sally. Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them To Be?. Noûs. March 2000, 34 (1): 31–55. ISSN 0029-4624. doi:10.1111/0029-4624.00201.
^ Ásta, Categories We Live By, Categories We Live by, Oxford University Press: 127–128, 2018-08-16, ISBN 978-0-19-025679-1, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190256791.003.0008
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Sveinsdóttir, Ásta Kristjana, The Metaphysics of Sex and Gender, Feminist Metaphysics (Springer Netherlands), 2010-11-12: 47–65, ISBN 978-90-481-3782-4, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3783-1_4 引用错误：带有name属性“:0”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Dembroff, Robin. Beyond Binary: Genderqueer as Critical Gender Kind (PDF). Philosopher's Imprint. 10 August 2019. S2CID 111381570. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 February 2020）. 引用错误：带有name属性“:1”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Bettcher, Talia. Power, Nicholas; Halwani, Raja; Soble, Alan , 编. Trans Women and the Meaning of "Woman". The Philosophy of Sex: 233–250. 引用错误：带有name属性“:2”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ Warnke, Georgia. After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Gender. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-88281-1. OCLC 165408056.
^ Bach, Theodore. Gender Is a Natural Kind with a Historical Essence. Ethics. January 2012, 122 (2): 231–272. ISSN 0014-1704. doi:10.1086/663232.
^ Jenkins, Katharine. Amelioration and Inclusion: Gender Identity and the Concept of Woman. Ethics. January 2016, 126 (2): 394–421. ISSN 0014-1704. doi:10.1086/683535.
^ Andler, Matthew Salett. Gender Identity and Exclusion: A Reply to Jenkins. Ethics. 2017-07-01, 127 (4): 883–895. ISSN 0014-1704. doi:10.1086/691583.

[sep-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Sveinsdóttir, Ásta Kristjana. Feminist Metaphysics. Zalta, Edward N. (编). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2011. 2011. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 224325075. Authors list列表缺少|last1= (帮助)

[2] Haslanger, Sally. Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them To Be?. Noûs. March 2000, 34 (1): 31–55. ISSN 0029-4624. doi:10.1111/0029-4624.00201.

[3] Ásta, Categories We Live By, Categories We Live by, Oxford University Press: 127–128, 2018-08-16, ISBN 978-0-19-025679-1, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190256791.003.0008

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Sveinsdóttir, Ásta Kristjana, The Metaphysics of Sex and Gender, Feminist Metaphysics (Springer Netherlands), 2010-11-12: 47–65, ISBN 978-90-481-3782-4, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3783-1_4 引用错误：带有name属性“:0”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Dembroff, Robin. Beyond Binary: Genderqueer as Critical Gender Kind (PDF). Philosopher's Imprint. 10 August 2019. S2CID 111381570. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 February 2020）. 引用错误：带有name属性“:1”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[:2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Bettcher, Talia. Power, Nicholas; Halwani, Raja; Soble, Alan , 编. Trans Women and the Meaning of "Woman". The Philosophy of Sex: 233–250. 引用错误：带有name属性“:2”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[AfterIdentity-2008-7] Warnke, Georgia. After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Gender. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-88281-1. OCLC 165408056.

[8] Bach, Theodore. Gender Is a Natural Kind with a Historical Essence. Ethics. January 2012, 122 (2): 231–272. ISSN 0014-1704. doi:10.1086/663232.

[9] Jenkins, Katharine. Amelioration and Inclusion: Gender Identity and the Concept of Woman. Ethics. January 2016, 126 (2): 394–421. ISSN 0014-1704. doi:10.1086/683535.

[10] Andler, Matthew Salett. Gender Identity and Exclusion: A Reply to Jenkins. Ethics. 2017-07-01, 127 (4): 883–895. ISSN 0014-1704. doi:10.1086/691583.

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