博科聖地叛亂
本文記述一起進行中的武裝衝突。随着事態變化,內容或許會迅速更新。 |
博科聖地叛亂 | |||||||
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反恐戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
上:執行對抗博科聖地任務的尼日爾士兵,2015年3月 下:尼日利亞「平民聯合特遣部隊」(CJTF)民兵,2015年 | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
地方民兵和自警團[5] |
博科圣地(從2015年開始部分與伊斯蘭國結盟)[a] 伊斯蘭國 (自2015年起)[31] | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
穆罕默杜·布哈里 |
博科圣地 西非省 安薩魯 Khalid al-Barnawi(被俘)[53][54] Abu Jafa'ar[55] | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
尼日利亞陸軍: 民兵:未知,數万人[57] | 4,000-6,000名核心戰士(2015年初) | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
不詳 | 數以千計的人被殺、被俘或投降[59][60][61][62][63][64] | ||||||
總共350,000人死亡,其中35,000人直接死亡[65] 超過270萬人流離失所[66] |
博科聖地叛亂始於2009年,[67]當時尼日利亞的博科聖地組織發動武裝叛亂對抗尼日利亞政府。[68]其後該組織將襲擊範圍擴大至鄰國喀麥隆、乍得和尼日爾。
2015年2月,美国情报官员表示博科圣地武装大约有4,000至6,000名核心战士。[69]截至2015年10月,博科聖地已殺害至少15,000人。[70]2019年12月有聯合國官員表示博科聖地叛亂已造成超過36,000人喪生,當中約一半是平民。[71]
註釋
[编辑]- ^ 在穆罕默德·優素福死後,博科聖地分裂成不同派系。雖然阿布巴卡爾·謝考後來成為博科聖地的主要頭目,他從來不曾控制全部所有派系。派系之間有鬆散的聯盟,但偶然會彼此發生衝突。[29][30] 此情況到2015年謝考宣稱效忠伊斯蘭國時有了轉變。[31][32] 伊斯蘭國的領導層最終決定由阿布·穆薩布·巴納維取代謝考擔任當地首領,導致博科聖地徹底分裂。謝考不再承認伊斯蘭國的權威,而效忠他的人開始公然與巴納維的追隨者開戰。[31]不過謝考由始至終未曾正式取消他對伊斯蘭國的效忠誓言,因此他的團伙有時仍被視為伊斯蘭國西非省另一分支。總的來說,謝考和伊斯蘭國的關係仍不明朗。[33]
- ^ 起源不明,曾是博科聖地派系,[36]2012年1月1日正式宣佈自立為獨立團體。[36][37][38] 2015年以後在尼日利亞無已知的軍事活動,不過它的數名成員仍然活躍。[39]
參考文獻
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- ^ ICG (2018),第5, 6頁.
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- ^ ICG (2018),第3頁.
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- ^ TRADOC G-2 (2015),第4, 19頁.
- ^ ICG 2014,第ii, 22, 26, 27頁.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 引用错误:没有为名为
Province vs Shekau
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Boko Haram joins ISIL
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Warner & Hulme (2018),第22頁.
- ^ Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup. 360nobs. 2016-08-04 [2018-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-17).
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- ^ ICG 2014,第22–24, 27頁.
- ^ ICG 2014,第22, 26, 27頁.
- ^ Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region. Newsweek. 2017-03-03 [2017-03-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-04) (英语).
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- ^ ICG 2014,第22, 26頁.
- ^ ICG 2014,第23頁.
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- ^ ICG (2018),第ii頁.
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參見
[编辑]著作
[编辑]- Warner, Jason; Hulme, Charlotte. The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent (PDF). CTC Sentinel (西點 (紐約州): Combating Terrorism Center). 2018, 11 (7): 21–28 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-08).
- TRADOC G-2. Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. 2015 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-03-12).
- Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency (PDF). Africa Report (布鲁塞尔-首都大区: 國際危機組織). 3 April 2014, (216). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于17 January 2016).
- Watchmen of Lake Chad: Vigilante Groups Fighting Boko Haram (PDF). Africa Report (布鲁塞尔-首都大区: International Crisis Group). 23 February 2018, (244) [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-11).
- Warner, Jason; O'Farrell, Ryan; Nsaibia, Héni; Cummings, Ryan. Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa (PDF). CTC Sentinel (West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center). 2020, 13 (11): 18–33 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-07).
- Zenn, Jacob. Islamic State in West Africa Province and the Battle With Boko Haram (PDF). Terrorism Monitor (詹姆斯敦基金会). 20 March 2020, 18 (6): 6–8 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-15).
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