荣格原型

根据荣格的理论，原型是先于人类经验之物，其直接源于大脑的特殊结构，并引致了特定形式的思维与表达。

荣格原型（英語：Jungian archetypes）是瑞士心理学家卡尔·荣格提出的心理学概念，指代一种普遍的内在观念、思维模式或心理图像，由此展现出人类的集体潜意识。^[1]本能是原型在生理学上的对应。在人类不同文化的故事、神话、梦境中都可找到共通的主题或符号，这类共通元素的基础即是原型。原型的例子包括文化中母亲、孩子、诡计者、洪水等意象。^[2]

据荣格所言，原型是内在于个体的行为和思维模式，籍由相似的个体环境而作出表达。原型的实现程度影响个体的个性化程度，并塑造其身份认同。^[3]例如，当母亲的形象与孩子内心理想化的母亲形象契合时，便可唤醒孩子的内在期望并激发母亲的原型。上述原型被纳入孩子内心的潜意识，合并为一个“母亲情结”，其作为个人潜意识的一个功能单元，类似于原型在集体潜意识中所扮演的角色。^[4]

批评者指出，荣格的理论存在着形而上的本质主义问题。他的心理学观点，特别是关于灵魂的部分，被认为缺乏科学的支撑，而他的原型理论则被指责为过于模糊，难以进行系统性的研究。女权主义者指出，荣格的理论过于倾向还原主义，并认为他对男性和女性的观点充满了刻板印象。^[5]还有批评认为，荣格的原型只是对社会偏见的诠释和固化。^[6]然而，尽管面临这些批评，荣格的原型理论对文学和形而上学产生了深远影响。原型文学批评（英语：Archetypal literary criticism）影响了后世诸多虚构作品^[7]，而且也有许多追求灵性的人将原型视为普世、跨文化形而上学真理的显现。^[8]不过，原型在精神病学领域尚未得到普遍认可。

参考文献[编辑]

^ Weiner, Michael O.; Gallo-Silver, Les Paul. The Complete Father: Essential Concepts and Archetypes. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2018: 5. ISBN 978-1-4766-6830-7.
^ Papadopoulos, Renos K. The Handbook of Jungian Psychology: Theory, Practice and Applications. New York: Routledge. 2006: 76, 84, 85. ISBN 1-58391-147-2 （英语）.
^ Almaas, A. H. The Pearl Beyond Price: Integration of Personality into Being, an Object Relations Approach. Shambhala Publications. 2000-09-05 [2023-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-8348-2499-7. （原始内容存档于2023-06-27）（英语）.
^ Stevens, Anthony Archetype Revisited: an Updated Natural History of the Self. Toronto, ON.: Inner City Books, 2003. p. 74.
^ Reed, Toni. Demon-Lovers and Their Victims in British Fiction. University Press of Kentucky. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8131-9290-1. ^{[页码请求]}
^ Adam Frank, The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate, 1st edition, 2009
^ Andrew Samuels, Jung and the Post-Jungians ISBN 0415059046, Routledge (1986)
^ Jung, C.G. (1947/1954/1960), Collected Works vol. 8, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, pp. 187, 211–216 (¶384, 414–420). "Just as the 'psychic infra-red,' the biological instinctual psyche, gradually passes over into the physiology of the organism and thus merges with its chemical and physical conditions, so the 'psychic ultra-violet,' the archetype, describes a field which exhibits none of the peculiarities of the physiological and yet, in the last analysis, can no longer be regarded as psychic, although it manifests itself psychically."

延伸阅读[编辑]

Glinka, Lukasz Andrzej. Aryan Unconscious : Archetype of Discrimination, History & Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge International Science Publishing. 2014. ISBN 978-1-907343-59-9. OCLC 896613668.
Stevens, Anthony, Chapter 3, Papadopoulos, Renos (编), The Handbook of Jungian Psychology, 2006
Jung, C. G., Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, Collected Works 7 2, London: Routledge, 19281966 [1917]
Jung, C. G., The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious, Collected Works 9 (1) 2, Princeton, NJ: Bollingen, 1934–19541981, ISBN 0-691-01833-2

[:0-1] Weiner, Michael O.; Gallo-Silver, Les Paul. The Complete Father: Essential Concepts and Archetypes. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2018: 5. ISBN 978-1-4766-6830-7.

[:4-2] Papadopoulos, Renos K. The Handbook of Jungian Psychology: Theory, Practice and Applications. New York: Routledge. 2006: 76, 84, 85. ISBN 1-58391-147-2 （英语）.

[3] Almaas, A. H. The Pearl Beyond Price: Integration of Personality into Being, an Object Relations Approach. Shambhala Publications. 2000-09-05 [2023-07-13]. ISBN 978-0-8348-2499-7. （原始内容存档于2023-06-27）（英语）.

[:1-4] Stevens, Anthony Archetype Revisited: an Updated Natural History of the Self. Toronto, ON.: Inner City Books, 2003. p. 74.

[5] Reed, Toni. Demon-Lovers and Their Victims in British Fiction. University Press of Kentucky. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8131-9290-1. ^{[页码请求]}

[6] Adam Frank, The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate, 1st edition, 2009

[Andrew_Samuels_1986-7] Andrew Samuels, Jung and the Post-Jungians ISBN 0415059046, Routledge (1986)

[JungVol8par420-8] Jung, C.G. (1947/1954/1960), Collected Works vol. 8, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, pp. 187, 211–216 (¶384, 414–420). "Just as the 'psychic infra-red,' the biological instinctual psyche, gradually passes over into the physiology of the organism and thus merges with its chemical and physical conditions, so the 'psychic ultra-violet,' the archetype, describes a field which exhibits none of the peculiarities of the physiological and yet, in the last analysis, can no longer be regarded as psychic, although it manifests itself psychically."

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