對蘇聯時代的懷念
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对苏联时代的怀念[1](俄語:Ностальгия по СССР,羅馬化:Nostal'giya po SSSR),亦称为“苏维埃怀念”[2][3](советская ностальгия),涵盖苏联时代的政治、社会、文化、霸权地位或只是美学。这种怀旧情绪在俄罗斯与前苏联加盟国的人民中最为常见,也存在于出生在苏联但长时间生活在国外的人。这通常是俄罗斯在苏联解体之后经历的挫败引起的。
2005年4月25日,俄罗斯总统普京提到苏联解体是20世纪一个重大的地缘政治灾难。[4][5][6][7]
调查结果
[编辑]2013年,盖洛普对前苏联加盟国家(除波罗的海国家和乌兹别克斯坦之外)进行民意调查显示,51%的受访者声称苏联解体对他们国家弊大于利。[8]
自东欧剧变和苏联解体以来,列瓦达中心常年开展年度民调,显示超过50%的俄罗斯受访者对此表示遗憾,这比率只在2012年稍低于50%。2018年的调查显示66%的俄罗斯受访者表示遗憾,达到历史新高;大部分在调查中表示遗憾的都是超过55岁的老人[9][10]。
在亚美尼亚,12%的受访者认为苏联解体是好事;66%的人认为是坏事。在吉尔吉斯斯坦,16%的受访者认为苏联解体是好事;61%的受访者认为是坏事[11]。卡内基国际和平基金会在2012年的调查显示38%的亚美尼亚人认为亚美尼亚“总要有一个斯大林式的人物来领导[12]”。
2019年在俄罗斯开展的一项相关调查显示,59%的参与者认为苏联政府“关心百姓[13]”;2020年的调查显示75%的参与者认为苏联时代是俄罗斯历史最光辉的时代[14]。
原因分析
[编辑]各项调查结果显示,关于苏联时代,人们最怀念的是公有制和计划经济下稳定的金融体系。苏联解体后俄罗斯的新自由主义经济改革收效不佳,让民众的生活水平更加倒退[15][16][17][18],私有化政策令俄罗斯经济的命脉落入寡头手中。苏联的超级大国地位也是当今怀旧情绪的产生原因,许多人认为90年代的历史经历像是可憎的羞辱和背叛,罪责常常指向来自西方大国的顾问,尤其是在北约不断东扩的背景,这种指控变得越发流行[19]。
主要研究后剧变时代东欧的学者克丽丝滕·戈德西评论道:
只有研究日常琐事如何被社会、政治和经济剧变影响,才可以理解对那更平等的过往的集体怀念。没有人想让20世纪的极权主义复活。但是,对共产主义的怀念已经成为了共同话语,被普通人拿来表达对今日议会民主制和新自由主义经济的缺点的失望情绪[20]。
列瓦达中心在2016年11月的调查显示,当问及为何怀念苏联时代,53%的参与民众认为是因为苏联时代加盟国集体经济体系的崩溃;43%的民众认为是因为失去了超级大国国民的身份;31%的人认为是因为人们变得更加残忍冷漠;30%的人认为是因为失去了无论到苏联何处都存有的归属感;28%的人认为是因为失去了和亲朋好友的联络[21]。列瓦达中心的社会学家卡丽娜·皮皮亚(Karina Pipiya)称,在2018年调查中,酿成怀旧情绪比重升高的主要是因为经济问题,而非丧失了威严或国家认同,由于本国曾经“社会更公平,政府为民服务,比起现在更关心民众,且怀着家长式的期望[22]”,大部分俄罗斯人感到遗憾。2019年6月列瓦达中心的民调显示,59%的参与者认为苏联政府“关心百姓”;支持约瑟夫·斯大林的比重也取得新高[13]。
旗帜
[编辑]苏联解体后沿用原苏联时期旗帜的地方政权 | ||
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弗拉基米尔州州旗、奥廖尔市旗 | 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国 | |
苏联解体后沿用原苏联时期旗帜的地方政权 | ||
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卡累利阿-芬兰苏维埃社会主义共和国 卡累利阿苏维埃社会主义自治共和国 |
卡累利阿共和国 |
苏联解体后沿用原苏联时期旗帜的自治政权 | ||
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德涅斯特河沿岸 | 摩尔达维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国 | |
苏联解体后沿用原加盟共和国国旗的国家 | ||
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白俄罗斯共和国 | 白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国 |
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Why Russia Backs The Eurasian Union. Business Insider (The Economist). 2014-08-22 [2022-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-06).
Often seen as an artefact of Vladimir Putin's nostalgia for the Soviet Union, the Eurasian Union has been largely ignored in the West.
- ^ Nikitin, V. Putin is exploiting the legacy of the Soviet Union to further Russia's ends in Ukraine. The Independent. 2014-03-05. (原始内容存档于2015-03-29).
- ^ Taylor, A. Calls for a return to 'Stalingrad' name test the limits of Putin's Soviet nostalgia. Washington Post. 2014-06-09 [2022-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-11).
- ^ Putin deplores collapse of USSR (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). BBC. April 25, 2005
- ^ Annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Kremlin. April 25, 2005
- ^ Allen, N. Soviet break-up was geopolitical disaster, says Putin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Telegraph. April 26, 2005
- ^ Bigg, C. World: Was Soviet Collapse Last Century's Worst Geopolitical Catastrophe? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Radio Liberty. April 29, 2005
- ^ Inc., Gallup,. Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup. Gallup.com. [2016-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-09).
- ^ Ностальгия по СССР [Nostalgia for the USSR]. levada.ru. 2018-12-19 [2022-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-11) (俄语).
- ^ Maza, Christina. Russia vs. Ukraine: More Russians Want the Soviet Union and Communism Back Amid Continued Tensions. Newsweek. 2018-12-19 [2018-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-11).
- ^ Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup. Gallup. 2013-12-19 [2013-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-11).
- ^ Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High. The Moscow Times. 2013-03-02. (原始内容存档于2017-03-20).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Most Russians Say Soviet Union 'Took Care of Ordinary People' – Poll. The Moscow Times. 2019-06-24 [2019-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-30).
- ^ The Moscow Times. 75% of Russians Say Soviet Union Was Greatest Time in Country's History – Poll. The Moscow Times. 2020-03-24 [2021-01-22]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-24) (英语).
- ^ Ciment, James. Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1999-08-21, 319 (7208): 468. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1116380
. PMID 10454391. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.468a.
- ^ Men, Tamara; Brennan, Paul; Boffetta, Paolo; Zaridze, David. Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2003-10-25, 327 (7421): 964–0. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 259165
. PMID 14576248. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.964.
- ^ Izyumov, Alexei. Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response. Review of Social Economy. 2010, 68 (1): 93–125 [2022-06-23]. ISSN 0034-6764. JSTOR 41288494. S2CID 154520098. doi:10.1080/00346760902968421. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24).
- ^ Azarova, Aytalina; Irdam, Darja; Gugushvili, Alexi; Fazekas, Mihaly; Scheiring, Gábor; Horvat, Pia; Stefler, Denes; Kolesnikova, Irina; Popov, Vladimir; Szelenyi, Ivan; Stuckler, David; Marmot, Michael; Murphy, Michael; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin; King, Lawrence. The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health. 2017-05-01, 2 (5): e231–e238. ISSN 2468-2667. PMC 5459934
. PMID 28626827. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5
(英语).
- ^ Why do so many people miss the Soviet Union?. The Washington Post. 2016-12-21 [2022-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-18).
- ^ Dr. Kristen Ghodsee, Bowdoin College – Nostalgia for Communism. WAMC Northeast Public Radio. 2011-11-01 [2022-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-04).
- ^ The Fall of the Soviet Union. Levada.ru. 2017-01-09 [2022-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12).
- ^ Balmforth, Tom. Russian nostalgia for Soviet Union reaches 13-year high. Reuters. 2018-12-19 [2018-12-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-10).
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Satter, D. It Was a Long Time Ago and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past. Yale University Press. New Haven, 2012. ISBN 0300111452.
- Boffa, G. "From the USSR to Russia. History of unfinished crisis. 1964—1994 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)"
- Mydans, S. 20 Years After Soviet Fall, Some Look Back Longingly (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). New York Times. August 18, 2011
- Weir, F. Why nearly 60 percent of Russians 'deeply regret' the USSR's demise. The Christian Science Monitor. December 23, 2009.
- Houslohner, A. Young Russians never knew the Soviet Union, but they hope to recapture days of its empire (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Washington Post. June 10, 2014
- Weir, F. Maybe the Soviets weren't so bad? Russian nostalgia for USSR on the rise. The Christian Science Monitor. January 29, 2016.
- Communist nostalgia in Eastern Europe: longing for the past (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). openDemocracy. November 10, 2015
- Ghodsee, Kristen R. Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Duke University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0822369493.
外部链接
[编辑]新闻报道
[编辑]- Blundy, A. Nostalgia for the Soviet Era Sweeps the Internet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Newsweek. July 30, 2014.
- Pippenger, N. Why Are So Many Russians Nostalgic For The USSR? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) New Republic. August 19, 2011.
- In Russia, nostalgia for Soviet Union and positive feelings about Stalin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Pew Research Center. June 29, 2017.
- Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Bloomberg. April 16, 2019.
互联网社群
[编辑]- Project "Encyclopedia of our childhood" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Soviet Union through the eyes of contemporaries
- Museum "20th century" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Recollections about the Soviet epoch
- livejournal:
- Soviet cards and posters
- USSR in scale (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), a website commemorated to a private collection of Soviet technology and vehicles in the scale 1:43
- In Barnaul, a store called "Sovietsky" was opened (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (photo (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
- Soviet heritage: between zoo, reservation and sanctuary (about "Soviet epoch parks") (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) // Новая Эўропа – DELFI (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 11 сентября 2013
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