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最小质量恒星列表

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太阳与红矮星、棕矮星、木星之间的比较。

这是一份有关最小质量恒星的列表,依木星质量太阳质量的多寡来依序排列。

恒星质量是恒星最重要的一个要素。质量加上化学成分能确定一颗恒星的光度、实际上的大小和最后的命运。列在表上的恒星质量都小于1倍太阳质量,包括棕矮星红矮星。研究显示大于13倍木星质量的天体会发生核聚变,而大于65倍木星质量的天体会产生聚变,因此恒星的质量不会低于13倍木星质量[1]棕矮星是类恒星天体的一种,它们是所谓“失败的恒星”(Failed Star),由于质量不足,不能像正常恒星那样通过核聚变维持光度,无法成为主序星。但它们的内部及表面均呈对流状态,不同的化学物质并不会在内部分层存在。研究表明褐矮星为处于13倍木星质量与75-80倍木星质量之间的天体。[2]

小质量恒星的种类

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红矮星(左)与太阳(右)的大小。

黑矮星

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黑矮星Black dwarf)是一颗白矮星在温度低到不再能发出可以被侦测到的光或热时的状态。因为目前宇宙还没有观测到黑矮星存在,因此其质量不明。[3]

棕矮星

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棕矮星Brown dwarf)是一种小质量恒星。它们就是“失败的恒星”。由于质量不足,不能像其他恒星通过氢核聚变维持光度,因此无法成为主序星,并导致其质量较低。棕矮星的质量为13倍至80倍木星质量,即太阳质量的0.01至0.08倍。[2]

红矮星

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红矮星Red dwarf)是一种质量较小、温度较低的恒星[1],其质量是太阳质量的0.075至0.5倍。[4]

橙矮星

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橙矮星Orange dwarf),是较为接近太阳质量的恒星种类,其质量是太阳质量的0.5至0.8倍。[5]

黄矮星

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黄矮星Yellow dwarf),是最接近太阳质量的恒星种类。这些恒星的质量大约在0.8至1.0太阳质量[5]太阳也是一个黄矮星。[6]

白矮星

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白矮星White dwarf),是低质量恒星演化阶段的最终产物。这些恒星的质量大于1太阳质量。[7]

列表

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太阳(左上)、低质量的恒星(左中)、棕矮星(右中)、木星(右下)
棕矮星(左)与土星(右)的比较
OGLE-TR-122(中)与八大行星的比较
格利泽229A与B的照片,该系统距离地球约19光年
2M1207与2M1207b的照片,该系统距离地球约173光年
最小质量恒星的列表(红色为M型主序星,深棕色为T棕矮星,浅棕色为L型棕矮星,橘色为K型主序星,蓝色为A B O型蓝矮星)
恒星名称 太阳质量 木星质量 光谱类型 参考文献
木星(非恒星,参照物) 0.00096 1 行星 [8]
蝘蜓座110913-773444 0.009 8 T [9]
OTS 44 0.013 15 T [10]
蛇夫座1622 A 0.014 15.5 T [11]
蛇夫座1622 B 0.016 17.5 T [11]
格利泽229 0.021 25 T [12]
2M1207 0.021 25 T [13]
印第安座εB 0.024 28 T [14]
HD 98230B 0.037 39 L [15]
Teide 1 0.041 43 L [16]
印第安座εA 0.045 47 L [14]
沃夫424B 0.050 52 L [14]
葛利斯570D 0.050 52 L [14]
LP 944-020 0.056 58 L [17]
2MASS 0415-0935 0.060 63 L [18]
Wolf 424A 0.060 63 L [19]
DENIS 1048-0039 0.065 68 L [20]
2MASS 1835+3259 0.070 75 L [18]
DENIS 0255-4700 0.070 75 L [20]
格利泽1245C 0.074 79 L [21]
2MASS 0532+8246 0.077 81 M9.5 [18]
LHS 3003GJ 3877 0.077 81 M9.5 [22]
格利泽165B 0.080 84 M9 [23]
格利泽623B 0.080 84 M9 [23]
LHS 1070B 0.080 84 M9 [24]
LHS 1070C 0.080 84 M9 [24]
罗斯614B 0.080 84 M9 [17]
蒂加登星 0.080 84 M9 [17]
VB 10 0.080 84 M9 [25]
Gl 105C 0.082 86 M9 [26]
LHS 292 0.083 87 M8 [17]
LP 731-058 0.083 87 M8 [17]
巨蟹座DX 0.087 91 M7 [17]
VB 8 0.088 92 M7 [27]
剑鱼座ABC 0.089 93 M7 [28]
OGLE-TR-122b 0.091 96 M6.5 [29]
沃夫 359 0.1 105 M4 [17]
太阳 1.0 1042 G2 [30]
天狼星 2.32 2436 A2 [31]
参宿七 17 ------ B8 [32]
参宿一 28 ------ 09.5 [33]
R136a1 300 ------ O6-Ia0 [34]

堰蜓座110913-773444

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蝘蜓座110913-773444比之前所知最小的棕矮星OTS 44还要小,质量祇有8倍木星质量,甚至比一些太阳系外行星还小。科学家对这个天体的分类还没有取得共识,所以堰蜓座110913-773444可能是一颗次棕矮星或是一颗流浪行星[9]

参见

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参考

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