钆的同位素
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标准原子质量 (Ar, 标准) |
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钆(原子质量单位:157.25(3))有6种稳定同位素(154Gd、155Gd、156Gd、157Gd、158Gd、160Gd)和1种放射性同位素(152Gd)存在于自然界,其中丰度24.84%的158Gd最常见。160Gd理论上可以双β衰变,但目前尚未观测到,半衰期至少1.3×1021年。[3]
图表[编辑]
符号 | Z( p ) |
N( n ) |
同位素质量(u) | 半衰期[n 1] | 衰变 方式[4][n 2] |
衰变 产物[n 3] |
原子核 自旋 |
相对丰度 (莫耳分率) |
相对丰度 的变化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激发能量 | |||||||||
134Gd | 64 | 70 | 133.95537(43)# | 0.4# s | 0+ | ||||
135Gd | 64 | 71 | 134.95257(54)# | 1.1(2) s | 3/2- | ||||
136Gd | 64 | 72 | 135.94734(43)# | 1# s [>200 ns] | β+ | 136Eu | |||
137Gd | 64 | 73 | 136.94502(43)# | 2.2(2) s | β+ | 137Eu | 7/2+# | ||
β+, p (不常见) | 136Sm | ||||||||
138Gd | 64 | 74 | 137.94012(21)# | 4.7(9) s | β+ | 138Eu | 0+ | ||
138mGd | 2232.7(11) keV | 6(1) µs | (8-) | ||||||
139Gd | 64 | 75 | 138.93824(21)# | 5.7(3) s | β+ | 139Eu | 9/2-# | ||
β+, p (不常见) | 138Sm | ||||||||
139mGd | 250(150)# keV | 4.8(9) s | 1/2+# | ||||||
140Gd | 64 | 76 | 139.93367(3) | 15.8(4) s | β+ | 140Eu | 0+ | ||
141Gd | 64 | 77 | 140.932126(21) | 14(4) s | β+ (99.97%) | 141Eu | (1/2+) | ||
β+, p (.03%) | 140Sm | ||||||||
141mGd | 377.8(2) keV | 24.5(5) s | β+ (89%) | 141Eu | (11/2-) | ||||
IT (11%) | 141Gd | ||||||||
142Gd | 64 | 78 | 141.92812(3) | 70.2(6) s | β+ | 142Eu | 0+ | ||
143Gd | 64 | 79 | 142.92675(22) | 39(2) s | β+ | 143Eu | (1/2)+ | ||
β+, α (不常见) | 139Pm | ||||||||
β+, p (不常见) | 142Sm | ||||||||
143mGd | 152.6(5) keV | 110.0(14) s | β+ | 143Eu | (11/2-) | ||||
β+, α (不常见) | 139Pm | ||||||||
β+, p (不常见) | 142Sm | ||||||||
144Gd | 64 | 80 | 143.92296(3) | 4.47(6) min | β+ | 144Eu | 0+ | ||
145Gd | 64 | 81 | 144.921709(20) | 23.0(4) min | β+ | 145Eu | 1/2+ | ||
145mGd | 749.1(2) keV | 85(3) s | IT (94.3%) | 145Gd | 11/2- | ||||
β+ (5.7%) | 145Eu | ||||||||
146Gd | 64 | 82 | 145.918311(5) | 48.27(10) d | ε | 146Eu | 0+ | ||
147Gd | 64 | 83 | 146.919094(3) | 38.06(12) h | β+ | 147Eu | 7/2- | ||
147mGd | 8587.8(4) keV | 510(20) ns | (49/2+) | ||||||
148Gd | 64 | 84 | 147.918115(3) | 74.6(30) a | α | 144Sm | 0+ | ||
149Gd | 64 | 85 | 148.919341(4) | 9.28(10) d | β+ | 149Eu | 7/2- | ||
α (4.34×10−4%) | 145Sm | ||||||||
150Gd | 64 | 86 | 149.918659(7) | 1.79(8)×106 a | α | 146Sm | 0+ | ||
151Gd | 64 | 87 | 150.920348(4) | 124(1) d | ε | 151Eu | 7/2- | ||
α (10−6%) | 147Sm | ||||||||
152Gd[n 4] | 64 | 88 | 151.9197910(27) | 1.08(8)×1014 a | α | 148Sm | 0+ | 0.0020(1) | |
153Gd | 64 | 89 | 152.9217495(27) | 240.4(10) d | ε | 153Eu | 3/2- | ||
153m1Gd | 95.1737(12) keV | 3.5(4) µs | (9/2+) | ||||||
153m2Gd | 171.189(5) keV | 76.0(14) µs | (11/2-) | ||||||
154Gd | 64 | 90 | 153.9208656(27) | 观测上稳定[n 5] | 0+ | 0.0218(3) | |||
155Gd[n 6] | 64 | 91 | 154.9226220(27) | 观测上稳定[n 7] | 3/2- | 0.1480(12) | |||
155mGd | 121.05(19) keV | 31.97(27) ms | IT | 155Gd | 11/2- | ||||
156Gd[n 6] | 64 | 92 | 155.9221227(27) | 稳定 | 0+ | 0.2047(9) | |||
156mGd | 2137.60(5) keV | 1.3(1) µs | 7- | ||||||
157Gd[n 6] | 64 | 93 | 156.9239601(27) | 稳定 | 3/2- | 0.1565(2) | |||
158Gd[n 6] | 64 | 94 | 157.9241039(27) | 稳定 | 0+ | 0.2484(7) | |||
159Gd[n 6] | 64 | 95 | 158.9263887(27) | 18.479(4) h | β− | 159Tb | 3/2- | ||
160Gd[n 6] | 64 | 96 | 159.9270541(27) | 观测上稳定[n 8] | 0+ | 0.2186(19) | |||
161Gd | 64 | 97 | 160.9296692(29) | 3.646(3) min | β− | 161Tb | 5/2- | ||
162Gd | 64 | 98 | 161.930985(5) | 8.4(2) min | β− | 162Tb | 0+ | ||
163Gd | 64 | 99 | 162.93399(32)# | 68(3) s | β− | 163Tb | 7/2+# | ||
164Gd | 64 | 100 | 163.93586(43)# | 45(3) s | β− | 164Tb | 0+ | ||
165Gd | 64 | 101 | 164.93938(54)# | 10.3(16) s | β− | 165Tb | 1/2-# | ||
166Gd | 64 | 102 | 165.94160(64)# | 4.8(10) s | β− | 166Tb | 0+ | ||
167Gd | 64 | 103 | 166.94557(64)# | 3# s | β− | 167Tb | 5/2-# | ||
168Gd | 64 | 104 | 167.94836(75)# | 300# ms | β− | 168Tb | 0+ | ||
169Gd | 64 | 105 | 168.95287(86)# | 1# s | β− | 169Tb | 7/2-# |
备注:画上#号的数据代表没有经过实验的证明,只是理论推测而已,而用括号括起来的代表数据不确定性。
← | 同位素列表 | → |
铕的同位素 | 钆的同位素 | 铽的同位素 |
注释[编辑]
- ^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
- ^ Abbreviations:
ε: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
- ^ primordial radionuclide
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 150Sm
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Fission product
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 151Sm
- ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 160Dy with a half-life over 1.3×1021 years
参考文献[编辑]
引用[编辑]
- ^ Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea. Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148. Applied Radiation and Isotopes (Elsevier BV). 2023, 194: 110708. ISSN 0969-8043. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708.
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ F. A. Danevich; et al. Quest for double beta decay of 160Gd and Ce isotopes. Nuclear Physics A. 2001, 694 (1–2): 375–391. Bibcode:2001NuPhA.694..375D. S2CID 11874988. arXiv:nucl-ex/0011020 . doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6.
- ^ 存档副本. [2015-09-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19).
来源[编辑]
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
元素与同位素的稳定度 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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