铅的同位素
天然铅样品中,同位素的丰度有很大的变化量 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
标准原子质量 (Ar, 标准) |
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铅(原子量:207.2(1))的同位素,其中有4个(204Pb、206Pb、207Pb、208Pb)是稳定的。208
Pb
在所有的稳定同位素中,质量数最大。208
Pb
是一个双幻数核,分别为82个质子和126个中子。
图表[编辑]
符号 | 历史 名称 |
Z( p ) |
N( n ) |
同位素质量(u) | 半衰期[n 1] | 衰变 方式[2][n 2] |
衰变 产物[n 3] |
原子核 自旋 |
相对丰度 (莫耳分率) |
相对丰度 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激发能量 | ||||||||||
178Pb | 82 | 96 | 178.003830(26) | 0.23(15) ms | α | 174Hg | 0+ | |||
179Pb | 82 | 97 | 179.00215(21)# | 3.9(1.1) ms | α | 175Hg | (9/2−) | |||
180Pb | 82 | 98 | 179.997918(22) | 4.5(11) ms | α | 176Hg | 0+ | |||
181Pb | 82 | 99 | 180.99662(10) | 45(20) ms | α (98%) | 177Hg | 5/2−# | |||
β+ (2%) | 181Tl | |||||||||
182Pb | 82 | 100 | 181.992672(15) | 60(40) ms [55(+40−35) ms] |
α (98%) | 178Hg | 0+ | |||
β+ (2%) | 182Tl | |||||||||
183Pb | 82 | 101 | 182.99187(3) | 535(30) ms | α (94%) | 179Hg | (3/2−) | |||
β+ (6%) | 183Tl | |||||||||
183mPb | 94(8) keV | 415(20) ms | α | 179Hg | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (不常见) | 183Tl | |||||||||
184Pb | 82 | 102 | 183.988142(15) | 490(25) ms | α | 180Hg | 0+ | |||
β+ (不常见) | 184Tl | |||||||||
185Pb | 82 | 103 | 184.987610(17) | 6.3(4) s | α | 181Hg | 3/2− | |||
β+ (不常见) | 185Tl | |||||||||
185mPb | 60(40)# keV | 4.07(15) s | α | 181Hg | 13/2+ | |||||
β+ (不常见) | 185Tl | |||||||||
186Pb | 82 | 104 | 185.984239(12) | 4.82(3) s | α (56%) | 182Hg | 0+ | |||
β+ (44%) | 186Tl | |||||||||
187Pb | 82 | 105 | 186.983918(9) | 15.2(3) s | β+ | 187Tl | (3/2−) | |||
α | 183Hg | |||||||||
187mPb | 11(11) keV | 18.3(3) s | β+ (98%) | 187Tl | (13/2+) | |||||
α (2%) | 183Hg | |||||||||
188Pb | 82 | 106 | 187.980874(11) | 25.5(1) s | β+ (91.5%) | 188Tl | 0+ | |||
α (8.5%) | 184Hg | |||||||||
188m1Pb | 2578.2(7) keV | 830(210) ns | (8−) | |||||||
188m2Pb | 2800(50) keV | 797(21) ns | ||||||||
189Pb | 82 | 107 | 188.98081(4) | 51(3) s | β+ | 189Tl | (3/2−) | |||
189mPb | 40(30)# keV | 1# min | β+ (99.6%) | 189Tl | (13/2+) | |||||
α (.4%) | 185Hg | |||||||||
190Pb | 82 | 108 | 189.978082(13) | 71(1) s | β+ (99.1%) | 190Tl | 0+ | |||
α (.9%) | 186Hg | |||||||||
190m1Pb | 2614.8(8) keV | 150 ns | (10)+ | |||||||
190m2Pb | 2618(20) keV | 25 µs | (12+) | |||||||
190m3Pb | 2658.2(8) keV | 7.2(6) µs | (11)− | |||||||
191Pb | 82 | 109 | 190.97827(4) | 1.33(8) min | β+ (99.987%) | 191Tl | (3/2−) | |||
α (.013%) | 187Hg | |||||||||
191mPb | 20(50) keV | 2.18(8) min | β+ (99.98%) | 191Tl | 13/2(+) | |||||
α (.02%) | 187Hg | |||||||||
192Pb | 82 | 110 | 191.975785(14) | 3.5(1) min | β+ (99.99%) | 192Tl | 0+ | |||
α (.0061%) | 188Hg | |||||||||
192m1Pb | 2581.1(1) keV | 164(7) ns | (10)+ | |||||||
192m2Pb | 2625.1(11) keV | 1.1(5) µs | (12+) | |||||||
192m3Pb | 2743.5(4) keV | 756(21) ns | (11)− | |||||||
193Pb | 82 | 111 | 192.97617(5) | 5# min | β+ | 193Tl | (3/2−) | |||
193m1Pb | 130(80)# keV | 5.8(2) min | β+ | 193Tl | 13/2(+) | |||||
193m2Pb | 2612.5(5)+X keV | 135(+25−15) ns | (33/2+) | |||||||
194Pb | 82 | 112 | 193.974012(19) | 12.0(5) min | β+ (100%) | 194Tl | 0+ | |||
α (7.3×10−6%) | 190Hg | |||||||||
195Pb | 82 | 113 | 194.974542(25) | ~15 min | β+ | 195Tl | 3/2#- | |||
195m1Pb | 202.9(7) keV | 15.0(12) min | β+ | 195Tl | 13/2+ | |||||
195m2Pb | 1759.0(7) keV | 10.0(7) µs | 21/2− | |||||||
196Pb | 82 | 114 | 195.972774(15) | 37(3) min | β+ | 196Tl | 0+ | |||
α (3×10−5%) | 192Hg | |||||||||
196m1Pb | 1049.20(9) keV | <100 ns | 2+ | |||||||
196m2Pb | 1738.27(12) keV | <1 µs | 4+ | |||||||
196m3Pb | 1797.51(14) keV | 140(14) ns | 5− | |||||||
196m4Pb | 2693.5(5) keV | 270(4) ns | (12+) | |||||||
197Pb | 82 | 115 | 196.973431(6) | 8.1(17) min | β+ | 197Tl | 3/2− | |||
197m1Pb | 319.31(11) keV | 42.9(9) min | β+ (81%) | 197Tl | 13/2+ | |||||
IT (19%) | 197Pb | |||||||||
α (3×10−4%) | 193Hg | |||||||||
197m2Pb | 1914.10(25) keV | 1.15(20) µs | 21/2− | |||||||
198Pb | 82 | 116 | 197.972034(16) | 2.4(1) h | β+ | 198Tl | 0+ | |||
198m1Pb | 2141.4(4) keV | 4.19(10) µs | (7)− | |||||||
198m2Pb | 2231.4(5) keV | 137(10) ns | (9)− | |||||||
198m3Pb | 2820.5(7) keV | 212(4) ns | (12)+ | |||||||
199Pb | 82 | 117 | 198.972917(28) | 90(10) min | β+ | 199Tl | 3/2− | |||
199m1Pb | 429.5(27) keV | 12.2(3) min | IT (93%) | 199Pb | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (7%) | 199Tl | |||||||||
199m2Pb | 2563.8(27) keV | 10.1(2) µs | (29/2−) | |||||||
200Pb | 82 | 118 | 199.971827(12) | 21.5(4) h | β+ | 200Tl | 0+ | |||
201Pb | 82 | 119 | 200.972885(24) | 9.33(3) h | ε (99%) | 201Pb | 5/2− | |||
β+ (1%) | 201Tl | |||||||||
201m1Pb | 629.14(17) keV | 61(2) s | 13/2+ | |||||||
201m2Pb | 2718.5+X keV | 508(5) ns | (29/2−) | |||||||
202Pb | 82 | 120 | 201.972159(9) | 52.5(28)×103 y | ε | 202Tl | 0+ | |||
202m1Pb | 2169.83(7) keV | 3.53(1) h | IT (90.5%) | 202Pb | 9− | |||||
ε (9.5%) | 202Tl | |||||||||
202m2Pb | 4142.9(11) keV | 110(5) ns | (16+) | |||||||
202m3Pb | 5345.9(13) keV | 107(5) ns | (19−) | |||||||
203Pb | 82 | 121 | 202.973391(7) | 51.873(9) h | ε | 203Tl | 5/2− | |||
203m1Pb | 825.20(9) keV | 6.21(8) s | IT | 203Pb | 13/2+ | |||||
203m2Pb | 2949.47(22) keV | 480(7) ms | 29/2− | |||||||
203m3Pb | 2923.4+X keV | 122(4) ns | (25/2−) | |||||||
204Pb[n 4] | 82 | 122 | 203.9730436(13) | 观测上稳定[n 5] | 0+ | 0.014(1) | 0.0104–0.0165 | |||
204m1Pb | 1274.00(4) keV | 265(10) ns | 4+ | |||||||
204m2Pb | 2185.79(5) keV | 67.2(3) min | 9− | |||||||
204m3Pb | 2264.33(4) keV | 0.45(+10−3) µs | 7− | |||||||
205Pb | 82 | 123 | 204.9744818(13) | 15.3(7)×106 y | ε | 205Tl | 5/2− | |||
205m1Pb | 2.329(7) keV | 24.2(4) µs | 1/2− | |||||||
205m2Pb | 1013.839(13) keV | 5.55(2) ms | 13/2+ | |||||||
205m3Pb | 3195.7(5) keV | 217(5) ns | 25/2− | |||||||
206Pb[n 4][n 6] | Radium G | 82 | 124 | 205.9744653(13) | 观测上稳定[n 7] | 0+ | 0.241(1) | 0.2084–0.2748 | ||
206m1Pb | 2200.14(4) keV | 125(2) µs | 7− | |||||||
206m2Pb | 4027.3(7) keV | 202(3) ns | 12+ | |||||||
207Pb[n 4][n 8] | Actinium D | 82 | 125 | 206.9758969(13) | 观测上稳定[n 9] | 1/2− | 0.221(1) | 0.1762–0.2365 | ||
207mPb | 1633.368(5) keV | 806(6) ms | IT | 207Pb | 13/2+ | |||||
208Pb[n 10] | Thorium D | 82 | 126 | 207.9766521(13) | 观测上稳定[n 11] | 0+ | 0.524(1) | 0.5128–0.5621 | ||
208mPb | 4895(2) keV | 500(10) ns | 10+ | |||||||
209Pb | 82 | 127 | 208.9810901(19) | 3.253(14) h | β− | 209Bi | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 12] | ||
210Pb | Radium D Radiolead Radio-lead |
82 | 128 | 209.9841885(16) | 22.20(22) y | β− (100%) | 210Bi | 0+ | 痕量[n 13] | |
α (1.9×10−6%) | 206Hg | |||||||||
210mPb | 1278(5) keV | 201(17) ns | 8+ | |||||||
211Pb | Actinium B | 82 | 129 | 210.9887370(29) | 36.1(2) min | β− | 211Bi | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 14] | |
212Pb | Thorium B | 82 | 130 | 211.9918975(24) | 10.64(1) h | β− | 212Bi | 0+ | 痕量[n 15] | |
212mPb | 1335(10) keV | 5(1) µs | (8+) | |||||||
213Pb | 82 | 131 | 212.996581(8) | 10.2(3) min | β− | 213Bi | (9/2+) | |||
214Pb | Radium B | 82 | 132 | 213.9998054(26) | 26.8(9) min | β− | 214Bi | 0+ | 痕量[n 13] | |
214mPb | 1420(20) keV | 6.2(0.3) μs | IT | 212Pb | 8+# | |||||
215Pb | 82 | 133 | 215.004660(60) | 2.34(0.19) min | β− | 215Bi | 9/2+# | |||
216Pb | 82 | 134 | 216.008030(210)# | 1.65(0.2) min | β− | 216Bi | 0+ | |||
216mPb | 1514(20) keV | 400(40) ns | IT | 216Pb | 8+# | |||||
217Pb | 82 | 135 | 217.013140(320)# | 20(5) s | β− | 217Bi | 9/2+# | |||
218Pb | 82 | 136 | 218.016590(320)# | 15(7) s | β− | 218Bi | 0+ |
备注:画上#号的数据代表没有经过实验的证明,只是理论推测而已,而用括号括起来的代表数据不确定性。
铅-212[编辑]
← | 同位素列表 | → |
铊的同位素 | 铅的同位素 | 铋的同位素 |
注释[编辑]
- ^ 半衰期超过宇宙年龄(几乎稳定)的同位素以粗体显示
- ^ 缩写:
EC:电子捕获
IT:核异构转变 - ^ 稳定同位素以粗体显示
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 用于铅铅定年法
- ^ 被认为会α衰变成200Hg,半衰期超过140×1015年
- ^ 铀衰变链的最终衰变产物
- ^ 被认为会α衰变成202Hg
- ^ 锕衰变链的最终衰变产物
- ^ 被认为会α衰变成203Hg
- ^ 钍衰变链的最终衰变产物
- ^ 最重的观测上稳定核素,被认为会α衰变成204Hg,半衰期超过2×1019年
- ^ 235U的衰变产物223Ra的簇衰变产物
- ^ 13.0 13.1 238U的衰变产物
- ^ 235U的衰变产物
- ^ 232Th的衰变产物
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ Meija et al. 2016.
- ^ Universal Nuclide Chart. nucleonica. [2015-10-16]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19).
- ^ Kokov, K.V.; Egorova, B.V.; German, M.N.; Klabukov, I.D.; Krasheninnikov, M.E.; Larkin-Kondrov, A.A.; Makoveeva, K.A.; Ovchinnikov, M.V.; Sidorova, M.V.; Chuvilin, D.Y. 212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2022, 14 (1): 189. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 8777968 . PMID 35057083. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14010189 .
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
元素与同位素的稳定度 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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