坎帕納斯氣龍屬

坎帕納斯氣龍屬; 化石時期：晚白堊世，森諾曼階早期 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亞目：	†蜥腳形亞目 Sauropodomorpha
下目：	†蜥腳下目 Sauropoda
演化支：	†梁龍形類 Diplodocimorpha
科：	†雷巴齊斯龍科 Rebbachisauridae
屬：	†坎帕納斯氣龍屬 Campananeyen; Lerzo et al., 2024
模式種
	†極碎坎帕納斯氣龍; Campananeyen fragilissimus; Lerzo et al., 2024

坎帕納斯氣龍（學名：Campananeyen）是雷巴齊斯龍科蜥腳類恐龍的一個屬，來自阿根廷晚白堊世（森諾曼階）的燭台組（英語：Candeleros Formation）。屬下包括單一物種極碎坎帕納斯氣龍（Campananeyen fragilissimus），所知於一具破碎的骨骼。

發現與命名

坎帕納斯氣龍正模標本MMch-PV 71發現於阿根廷內烏肯省埃爾喬肯村（英語：Villa El Chocón）附近燭台組（英語：Candeleros Formation）（巴爾達-阿特拉韋薩達-德拉斯坎帕納斯地）的沉積物中。標本由一具不完整骨骼組成，包括顱骨腦殼及右隅骨、部分背椎、骶椎及尾椎、髂骨碎片及兩個爪（英語：ungual）趾骨。^[1]腦顱遺骸於2016年發表的一篇學術論文上描述，但仍未被命名。^[2]

2024年，萊爾佐等人將此標本描述為雷巴齊斯龍科新屬新種。屬名Campananeyen取自模式產地拉斯坎帕納斯（Las Campanas），並組合馬普切語n'eyen'（意為「空氣」），指正模標本具有大量氣腔。種名fragilissimus在拉丁語中意為「最易碎的」，指其非常纖細的髂骨。^[1]

分類

2024年的系統發育分析中，萊爾佐等人連續將坎帕納斯氣龍恢復為星脈龍的姐妹群，二者共處於雷巴齊斯龍科內一個還包括薩帕拉龍的演化支中。結果如以下分支圖所示。標本MACN-Pv-N 35為部分椎骨，代表阿馬加組（英語：La Amarga Formation）一種未命名的雷巴齊斯龍科，可能同樣與這些分類單元近緣，但為獲得更準確的結果而從大多數分析中刪除。^[1]

梁龍超科 Diplodocoidea

鞭尾類 Flagellicaudata

雷巴齊斯龍科 Rebbachisauridae

亞馬遜龍 Amazonsaurus

薩帕拉龍 Zapalasaurus

	坎帕納斯氣龍 Campananeyen

	星脈龍 Sidersaura

伊塔佩瓦龍 Itapeuasaurus

	拉瓦卡特龍 Lavocatisaurus

	科馬約龍 Comahuesaurus

科巴斯龍類 Khebbashia

尼日爾龍亞科 Nigersaurinae

奧古斯丁龍 Agustinia

尼日爾龍 Nigersaurus

	泰塔溫龍 Tataouinea

	德曼達龍 Demandasaurus

雷巴齊斯龍亞科 Rebbachisaurinae

雷尤守龍 Rayososaurus

雷巴齊斯龍 Rebbachisaurus

利邁河龍 Limaysaurus

	孔椎龍 Katepensaurus

	鷲龍 Cathartesaura

古生態學

燭台組（英語：Candeleros Formation）被解釋為一處荒漠沉積環境（英語：depositional environment），代表Kokorkom沙漠，沙漠中分布有些許綠洲，化石則代表岡瓦納古陸西部中白堊世生態系統的典型動物群組合。^[3]

發現坎帕納斯氣龍的巴爾達-阿特拉韋薩達-德拉斯坎帕納斯地（Barda Atravesada de Las Campanas locality）還出土了其它雷巴齊斯龍科的部分骨骼殘骸、^[4]一種未命名的小型阿貝力龍科、一種蛇頸龜科及一種楔齒蜥類。^[5]該地層其它地點還發現過另外幾種動物。恐龍包括更多雷巴齊斯龍科（利邁河龍、諾普喬椎龍和雷尤守龍）^[6]及泰坦巨龍類（安第斯龍和一個未命名的巨型物種）^[7]、多種獸腳類（纖腿龍、雙百龍、鷲盜龍、爆誕龍和南方巨獸龍）^[8]及疑似裝甲類的神秘恐龍持盾龍。^[3]其它動物包括喙頭目（提卡蜥（英語：Tika giacchinoi）和首楔齒蜥）^[9]、蛇類的聖誘蛇（英語：Najash）、鱷形類（英語：Crocodyliformes）阿拉利坡鱷的幾個物種及哺乳類的克羅諾皮奧獸（英語：Cronopio dentiacutus）。^[10]^[11]

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Lerzo, Lucas N.; Fernández-Baldor, Fidel Torcida; Canale, Juan I.; Whitlock, John A.; Otero, Alejandro; Gallina, Pablo A. They all floated in the Cretaceous: new rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) with a highly pneumatized skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Historical Biology. 2024-08-13: 1–14. ISSN 0891-2963. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2383708 （英語）.
^ Paulina Carabajal, A.; Canale, JI.; Haluza, A. New rebbachisaurid cranial remains (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, and the first endocranial description for a South American representative of the clade. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2016, 36 (5): e1167067. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1167067.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Riguetti FJ, Apesteguía S, Pereda-Suberbiola X. A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs. Scientific Reports. 2022, 12 (1): Article number 11621. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211621R. PMC 9372066 . PMID 35953515. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6 .
^ Haluza, Alexander; Canale, Juan Ignacio. New evidence on the anatomy, function and evolutionary constraints in sauropod pedes based on new material from Mupaleo site (Candeleros Formation. Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. IV Latin American Congress of Vertebrate Paleontology 48. 2011.
^ Canale, Juan I.; Cerda, Ignacio; Novas, Fernando E.; Haluza, Alejandro. Small-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) remains from the Upper Cretaceous of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2016, 62: 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.001 （英語）.
^ Apesteguía, Sebastián. The sauropod diversity of the La Amarga Formation (Barremian), Neuquén (Argentina). Gondwana Research. 2007, 12 (4): 533–546. Bibcode:2007GondR..12..533A. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.04.007.
^ Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. June 2021, 122: 104754. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754 （英語）.
^ Novas, Fernando E.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Pol lfirst4=Diego; Ortíz, Raúl. New Patagonian Cretaceous theropod sheds light about the early radiation of Coelurosauria (PDF). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, nueva serie. 2012, 14 (1): 57–81. ISSN 1514-5158.
^ Apesteguía, Sebastián; Garberoglio, Fernando F.; Gómez, Raúl O. Earliest Tuatara Relative (Lepidosauria: Sphenodontinae) from Southern Continents. Ameghiniana. 30 September 2021, 58 (5). ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 239053594. doi:10.5710/amgh.13.07.2021.3442 （英語）.
^ Makovicky, P. J.; Apesteguía, S. N.; Gianechini, F. A. A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 2012, 5: 90–98. S2CID 129758444. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90.
^ Guillermo W. Rougier; Sebastián Apesteguía; Leandro C. Gaetano. Highly specialized mammalian skulls from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Nature. 2011, 479 (7371): 98–102. Bibcode:2011Natur.479...98R. PMID 22051679. S2CID 4380850. doi:10.1038/nature10591.

[Campananeyen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Lerzo, Lucas N.; Fernández-Baldor, Fidel Torcida; Canale, Juan I.; Whitlock, John A.; Otero, Alejandro; Gallina, Pablo A. They all floated in the Cretaceous: new rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) with a highly pneumatized skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Historical Biology. 2024-08-13: 1–14. ISSN 0891-2963. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2383708 （英語）.

[2] Paulina Carabajal, A.; Canale, JI.; Haluza, A. New rebbachisaurid cranial remains (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, and the first endocranial description for a South American representative of the clade. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2016, 36 (5): e1167067. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1167067.

[Jakapil-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Riguetti FJ, Apesteguía S, Pereda-Suberbiola X. A new Cretaceous thyreophoran from Patagonia supports a South American lineage of armoured dinosaurs. Scientific Reports. 2022, 12 (1): Article number 11621. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211621R. PMC 9372066 . PMID 35953515. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15535-6 .

[Haluza&Canale2011-4] Haluza, Alexander; Canale, Juan Ignacio. New evidence on the anatomy, function and evolutionary constraints in sauropod pedes based on new material from Mupaleo site (Candeleros Formation. Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. IV Latin American Congress of Vertebrate Paleontology 48. 2011.

[Canale2016-5] Canale, Juan I.; Cerda, Ignacio; Novas, Fernando E.; Haluza, Alejandro. Small-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) remains from the Upper Cretaceous of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2016, 62: 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.001 （英語）.

[SA07-6] Apesteguía, Sebastián. The sauropod diversity of the La Amarga Formation (Barremian), Neuquén (Argentina). Gondwana Research. 2007, 12 (4): 533–546. Bibcode:2007GondR..12..533A. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.04.007.

[Otero2021-7] Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. June 2021, 122: 104754. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754 （英語）.

[Bicentenaria-8] Novas, Fernando E.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Pol lfirst4=Diego; Ortíz, Raúl. New Patagonian Cretaceous theropod sheds light about the early radiation of Coelurosauria (PDF). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, nueva serie. 2012, 14 (1): 57–81. ISSN 1514-5158.

[Tika-9] Apesteguía, Sebastián; Garberoglio, Fernando F.; Gómez, Raúl O. Earliest Tuatara Relative (Lepidosauria: Sphenodontinae) from Southern Continents. Ameghiniana. 30 September 2021, 58 (5). ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 239053594. doi:10.5710/amgh.13.07.2021.3442 （英語）.

[Alnashetri-10] Makovicky, P. J.; Apesteguía, S. N.; Gianechini, F. A. A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 2012, 5: 90–98. S2CID 129758444. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90.

[Cronopio-11] Guillermo W. Rougier; Sebastián Apesteguía; Leandro C. Gaetano. Highly specialized mammalian skulls from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Nature. 2011, 479 (7371): 98–102. Bibcode:2011Natur.479...98R. PMID 22051679. S2CID 4380850. doi:10.1038/nature10591.

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