長頸龍屬 (恐龍)

長頸龍屬; 化石時期：晚三疊世，225 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	復原圖
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亞目：	†蜥腳形亞目 Sauropodomorpha
科：	†黑水龍科 Unaysauridae
屬：	†長頸龍屬 Macrocollum; Müller et al., 2018
模式種
	†伊氏長頸龍; Macrocollum itaquii; Müller et al., 2018

長頸龍（屬名：Macrocollum）是黑水龍科蜥腳形亞目恐龍的一個屬，生存於晚三疊世（諾利階早期）的巴西，是已知最古老的恐龍之一。^[1]

發現[編輯]

長頸龍於2012年在巴西南里奧格蘭德州燭台組（英語：Candelária Formation, Paraná Basin）的瓦赫霍茲（Wachholz）地區發現，^[2]並在2018年12月21日的一場新聞發布會上公布。屬名取自希臘語μακρός（長的）和拉丁語collum（頸），指該動物修長的頸部。種名致敬聖瑪麗亞聯邦大學古生物研究中心（Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia of the Federal University of Santa Maria，縮寫：CAPPA/UFSM）的主要創辦者之一約瑟·伊塔基（José Jerundino Machado Itaqui）。^[1]

描述[編輯]

像大多數早期恐龍一樣，長頸龍體型較小、雙足步行。

已知長頸龍遺骸保存相對完好。正模標本由幾乎完整、關節連接的骨骼組成。兩個副模標本（英語：Paratype）皆為關節連接的骨骼，其中一個缺少顱骨及頸椎序列。^[1]在研究沉積擠壓作用對早期蜥腳形亞目髂骨形態的埋藏學影響時，使用副模標本之一（CAPPA/UFSM 0001b）的髂骨作為模型。^[3]

長頸龍可根據獨特特徵組合（如顱骨）區別於所有其它已知蜥腳形亞目，包括被前頜窗（英語：Fenestra）穿透的眶前窩（英語：Fossa (anatomy)）及額骨／頂骨骨縫（英語：Fibrous joint#sutures）處具有簡單平滑曲線的顳上窩內緣。^[1]

分類[編輯]

長頸龍與加卡帕里龍和黑水龍皆被發現屬於黑水龍科。^[1]

古生態學[編輯]

長頸龍生存於大約2.542至2.25億年前的晚三疊世諾利階，發現化石的巴西南部當時與非洲西北部相連。這段時間地球大部分陸地融合為超大陸盤古大陸，並分裂成北方的勞亞古陸和南方的岡瓦納古陸。^[4]^[5]鈾－鉛（鈾衰變）測年發現靠近模式產地的卡圖里塔組（英語：Caturrita Formation）可追溯至大約2.542億年前，比發現最早期恐龍的聖瑪麗亞組（英語：Santa Maria Formation）和伊斯基瓜拉斯托組（英語：Ischigualasto Formation）年輕不到1000萬年。^[6]

參考資料[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rodrigo Temp Müller; Max Cardoso Langer; Sérgio Dias-da-Silva. An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs. Biology Letters. 2018, 14 (11): 20180633. PMC 6283919 . PMID 30463923. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633.
^ Müller, Rodrigo Temp; da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Roberto da Silva, Lúcio; Aires, Alex Sandro Schiller; Pacheco, Cristian Pereira; Pavanatto, Ane Elise Branco; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Wachholz, a new exquisite dinosaur-bearing fossiliferous site from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. August 2015, 61: 120–128. Bibcode:2015JSAES..61..120M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.10.009.
^ Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva; Da-Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Under pressure: Effect of sedimentary compression on the iliac morphology of early sauropodomorphs. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. December 2018, 88: 345–351. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..345M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.09.005.
^ Leal, L.A.; Azevodo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.A.W.; da Rosa, A.A.S. A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil (PDF). Zootaxa. 2004, 690: 1–24 [2022-05-28]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-07-24）.
^ Soares, M.B.; Schultz, C.L.; Horn, B.L.D. New information on Riograndia guaibensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 (Eucynodontia, Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil: anatomical and biostratigraphic implications. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2011, 83 (1): 329–354. ISSN 0001-3765. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100021 .
^ Langer, M.C.; Ramezani, J.; Da Rosa, Á.A.S. U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil. Gondwana Research. 2018, X (18): 133–140. Bibcode:2018GondR..57..133L. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.01.005.

[Muller2018-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rodrigo Temp Müller; Max Cardoso Langer; Sérgio Dias-da-Silva. An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs. Biology Letters. 2018, 14 (11): 20180633. PMC 6283919 . PMID 30463923. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633.

[2] Müller, Rodrigo Temp; da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Roberto da Silva, Lúcio; Aires, Alex Sandro Schiller; Pacheco, Cristian Pereira; Pavanatto, Ane Elise Branco; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Wachholz, a new exquisite dinosaur-bearing fossiliferous site from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. August 2015, 61: 120–128. Bibcode:2015JSAES..61..120M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.10.009.

[3] Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva; Da-Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Under pressure: Effect of sedimentary compression on the iliac morphology of early sauropodomorphs. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. December 2018, 88: 345–351. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..345M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.09.005.

[leal-4] Leal, L.A.; Azevodo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.A.W.; da Rosa, A.A.S. A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil (PDF). Zootaxa. 2004, 690: 1–24 [2022-05-28]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-07-24）.

[Soares-5] Soares, M.B.; Schultz, C.L.; Horn, B.L.D. New information on Riograndia guaibensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 (Eucynodontia, Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil: anatomical and biostratigraphic implications. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2011, 83 (1): 329–354. ISSN 0001-3765. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100021 .

[langer18-6] Langer, M.C.; Ramezani, J.; Da Rosa, Á.A.S. U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil. Gondwana Research. 2018, X (18): 133–140. Bibcode:2018GondR..57..133L. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.01.005.

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