副同源異形基因動物

副同源異形基因動物; 化石時期：605.2–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 埃迪卡拉紀至今
科學分類
演化支：	OBA 超類群 Obazoa
演化支：	後鞭毛生物 Opisthokonta
總界：	動物總界 Holozoa
演化支：	蜷絲動物 Filozoa
演化支：	領鞭毛動物 Choanozoa
界：	動物界 Animalia
亞界：	真後生動物亞界 Eumetazoa
演化支：	副同源異形基因動物 ParaHoxozoa; Ryan et al., 2010
Clades
	扁盤動物門 Placozoa; 刺胞動物門 Cnidaria; 兩側對稱動物 Bilateria;

副同源異形基因動物（學名：ParaHoxozoa）是真後生動物的一個演化支，包含扁盤動物門、刺胞動物門與兩側對稱動物，為櫛水母動物門的姊妹群。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

特徵

副同源異形基因動物因擁有同源異形基因/副同源異形基因（英語：ParaHox）（Hox/ParaHox）而得名，後來雖有研究指出動物演化樹中更早分支的多孔動物門可能也具有此類基因^[8]^[9]^[10]，但原先定義的副同源異形基因動物（不含多孔動物門）應為單系群，此名稱也被持續使用^[4]。

演化

副同源異形基因動物

	扁盤動物門

	刺胞動物門

	蛻皮動物

	螺旋動物

(610 mya)

(650 mya)

(680 mya)

(760 mya)

(950 mya)

副同源異形基因動物中，扁盤動物門在演化樹上的位置尚不清楚，有研究認為其為所有其他副同源異形基因動物（合稱浮浪幼蟲樣動物）的姊妹群，也有研究認為其為刺胞動物門的姊妹群^[5]^[7]。

參考文獻

^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 （英語）.
^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 December 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112 （英語）.
^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 3 April 2017, 27 (7): 958–967 [2020-02-05]. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-25）（英語）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta. 1 October 2016, 45: 14–21. ISSN 1463-6409. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215 （英語）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo. Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias. eLife. 2018-10-30, 7. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202 . PMID 30373720. doi:10.7554/elife.36278 （英語）.
^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa. EvoDevo. 2010-10-04, 1 (1): 9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 . PMID 20920347. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray Argust; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert. A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa. bioRxiv. 2017-10-13: 202119 [2020-02-05]. doi:10.1101/202119. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-18）（英語）.
^ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja. Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes. Nature. 2014-10-30, 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597 （英語）.
^ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes. Current Biology. 1996, 17 (8): 706–710. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. PMID 17379523. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008.
^ Ryan, Joseph F.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Pastrana, Claudia C. Sponges lack ParaHox genes. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019, 11 (4): 1250–1257. PMC 6486804 . PMID 30859199. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052 （英語）.

[Feuda-2017-1] Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 （英語）.

[Pisani-2015-2] Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 December 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112 （英語）.

[Simio-2017n-3] Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 3 April 2017, 27 (7): 958–967 [2020-02-05]. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-25）（英語）.

[Giribet-2016-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta. 1 October 2016, 45: 14–21. ISSN 1463-6409. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215 （英語）.

[Laumer-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo. Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias. eLife. 2018-10-30, 7. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202 . PMID 30373720. doi:10.7554/elife.36278 （英語）.

[Ryan-2010-6] Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa. EvoDevo. 2010-10-04, 1 (1): 9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 . PMID 20920347. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9.

[Eitel-2017-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray Argust; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert. A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa. bioRxiv. 2017-10-13: 202119 [2020-02-05]. doi:10.1101/202119. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-18）（英語）.

[8] Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja. Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes. Nature. 2014-10-30, 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597 （英語）.

[9] Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes. Current Biology. 1996, 17 (8): 706–710. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. PMID 17379523. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008.

[10] Ryan, Joseph F.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Pastrana, Claudia C. Sponges lack ParaHox genes. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019, 11 (4): 1250–1257. PMC 6486804 . PMID 30859199. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052 （英語）.

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