希臘-伊朗語族

希臘-伊朗語族或希臘-亞美尼亞-伊朗語族，是印歐語系一個假設的演化支，包含希臘語、亞美尼亞語和印度-伊朗語族。

希臘-伊朗-亞美尼亞語族大約在公元前3千紀中期從印歐語祖先中分化出來。

原鄉[編輯]

依墳塚假說，希臘-伊朗語族也可稱為「晚期（原始）印歐語」：希臘-伊朗語族形成一組方言，對應公元前3千紀初印歐語原鄉的方言連續體。到公元前2500年左右，原始希臘語和原始印度-伊朗語分化並各自遷徙。^[1]

如果承認希臘-伊朗語族的存在，那麼希臘語和梵語中的格拉斯曼定律便可以有共同的解釋。然而，可以確定希臘語中的格拉斯曼定律發生在一些僅見於希臘語的音變之後，說明這一特徵並非繼承自兩者的共同祖先，更可能是影響了當時尚且連續的希臘-伊朗語地區的某種區域特徵。這應當發生在原始希臘語和原始印度-伊朗語分化後，長途遷徙前。

討論[編輯]

希臘-伊朗語族最早由Wolfram Euler（1979）提出，他發現希臘語和梵語的名詞屈折系統很相似。^[2]比較神話學研究中，也認為兩者有很密切的關係，如馬丁·利奇菲爾德·韋斯特 (1999)^[3]和Calvert Watkins (2001)。^[4]

一個有爭議的假說^[5]^[6]將希臘語置於希臘-亞美尼亞語族中，^[7]有人據此將亞美尼亞語接收過來，組成「希臘-亞美尼亞-伊朗語族」，分化為原始希臘語（可能還包括弗里吉亞語）、原始亞美尼亞語和印度-伊朗語族的祖語。^[8]^[9]

希臘-伊朗語族在支持亞美尼亞起源假說的印歐語學家中尤為流行，他們認為原始印歐語的原鄉是亞美尼亞高原。^[10]^[11]^[12]

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Martin Litchfield West, Indo-European poetry and myth (2007), p. 7.
^ Wolfram Euler: Indoiranisch-griechische Gemeinsamkeiten der Nominalbildung und deren indogermanische Grundlagen [= Aryan-Greek Communities in Nominal Morphology and their Indoeuropean Origins]. Innsbruck, 1979 (in German).
^ Litchfield West, Martin. The Invention of Homer. Classical Quarterly. 1999, 49 (364).
^ Calvert Watkins (2001), How to Kill a Dragon, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-514413-0.
^ Kim, Ronald. Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth. Indogermanische Forschungen (The University of British Columbia Library). 2018 [2019-06-09]. S2CID 231923312. doi:10.1515/if-2018-0009. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）.
^ James Clackson. The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Publications of the Philological Society. 1995.
^ Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin (PDF). Nature. 2003-11-27, 426 (6965): 435–439. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..435G. PMID 14647380. S2CID 42340. doi:10.1038/nature02029. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-26）.
^ Handbook of Formal Languages (1997), p. 6 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
^ Indo-European tree with Armeno-Aryan, separate from Greek. [2010-09-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-14）.
^ Renfrew, A. C., 1987, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5; T. V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov, The Early History of Indo-European Languages, Scientific American, March 1990
Renfrew, Colin. Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European. Languages in Prehistoric Europe. 2003. ISBN 3-8253-1449-9.
^ A. Bammesberger in The Cambridge History of the English Language, 1992, ISBN 978-0-521-26474-7, p. 32: the model "still remains the background of much creative work in Indo-European reconstruction" even though it is "by no means uniformly accepted by all scholars."
^ Mallory, James P. Kuro-Araxes Culture. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (Fitzroy Dearborn). 1997: 341–42.

書目

Kim, Ronald I.. "Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth". In: Indogermanische Forschungen, vol. 123, no. 1, 2018, pp. 247–272. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1515/if-2018-0009

閱讀更多[編輯]

Martirosyan, Hrach. "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian". In: Journal of Language Relationship 10, no. 1 (2013): 85–138. https://doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2013-100107

[1] Martin Litchfield West, Indo-European poetry and myth (2007), p. 7.

[2] Wolfram Euler: Indoiranisch-griechische Gemeinsamkeiten der Nominalbildung und deren indogermanische Grundlagen [= Aryan-Greek Communities in Nominal Morphology and their Indoeuropean Origins]. Innsbruck, 1979 (in German).

[3] Litchfield West, Martin. The Invention of Homer. Classical Quarterly. 1999, 49 (364).

[4] Calvert Watkins (2001), How to Kill a Dragon, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-514413-0.

[5] Kim, Ronald. Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth. Indogermanische Forschungen (The University of British Columbia Library). 2018 [2019-06-09]. S2CID 231923312. doi:10.1515/if-2018-0009. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）.

[6] James Clackson. The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Publications of the Philological Society. 1995.

[7] Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin (PDF). Nature. 2003-11-27, 426 (6965): 435–439. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..435G. PMID 14647380. S2CID 42340. doi:10.1038/nature02029. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-26）.

[8] Handbook of Formal Languages (1997), p. 6 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.

[9] Indo-European tree with Armeno-Aryan, separate from Greek. [2010-09-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-14）.

[10] Renfrew, A. C., 1987, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5; T. V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov, The Early History of Indo-European Languages, Scientific American, March 1990
Renfrew, Colin. Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European. Languages in Prehistoric Europe. 2003. ISBN 3-8253-1449-9.

[11] A. Bammesberger in The Cambridge History of the English Language, 1992, ISBN 978-0-521-26474-7, p. 32: the model "still remains the background of much creative work in Indo-European reconstruction" even though it is "by no means uniformly accepted by all scholars."

[12] Mallory, James P. Kuro-Araxes Culture. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (Fitzroy Dearborn). 1997: 341–42.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]