冷战 (术语)
战争与军事 |
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冷战(英语:Cold war)为国家间的一种冲突模式,他并非直接性的军事冲突,而乃主要透过经济与政治行动、宣传、间谍行动与由代理人发动的代理人战争来进行。此术语最常被拿来指1947-91年的美苏冷战,而所谓的代理人战争通常为冲突国的卫星国,即与冲突国结盟或者受其政治影响的国家。冷战中的对手往往会向参与和敌方国家冲突的小国提供经济与军事援助,如武器、战术支持或军事顾问等。
术语由来
[编辑]在1945年前,“冷战”一词很少被提起。一些作家认为,十四世纪的西班牙人胡安·曼纽尔首次就基督教与伊斯兰教之间的出藤属用此术语(当然,是用西班牙语);然而,其术语“不温不热”,并非所谓的“冷”战。“冷”战要一直到19世纪关于其作品的错误翻译中才出现。[1]
1934年,这个词被用来代指一个被蛇咬伤后接受治疗的信仰治疗师。报纸报导称,医务人员暗示信仰在他的生存中发挥此作用,这是“科学与宗教之间的无休止冷战”。[2]
关于它第一次在当代民族国家之间的冲突的应用,起始于1938年3月发表在《国家》杂志上的一篇匿名社论中,标题为“希特勒的冷战”。[3][4]随后,这个词在1939年的整个夏天的报纸中被零星地使用,他被用来描述第二次世界大战前,欧洲大陆(特别是波兰)普遍存在的紧张局势和武器集结、大规模征兵之情况。此情况被描述为“冷战”或者“热和平”,有许多欧洲国家的军队都开始集结。[5]《经济学人》之副主编格雷厄姆·赫顿在其发表的1939年8月版的《大西洋月刊》上的某文章使用了该术语。这篇名为“下一次和平”的文章中对冷战概念的阐述可能超过了到目前为止对该术语的任何英语援引,并在随后的报纸猪栏中获得至少一个同感之反应。[6][7]波兰人声称这一时期还包括“透过制造事端来进行挑衅。”[8]还有人猜测说德国的冷战策略可能会削弱波兰对其入侵的抵抗能力。[9]
战期间,这个词也以不太持久的方式被使用,比如冬季战争前的情况,[10]或者在鼓励美国政治家在决定是否加入战争前做出的冷静评估之意见栏中。[11]
在第二次世界大战结束时,乔治·奥威尔在1945年10月19日发表在英国杂志《论坛报》中的文章《你与原子弹》中使用了该术语。他描述了一个生活在核战争威胁阴影下的世界,他警告说“不和平的和平”,并称之为永久性的“冷战”。[12]奥威尔直接将那场战争称为苏联与西方世界间的意识形态对抗。[13]此外,在1946年3月10日的《观察家报》上,奥威尔写说“在去年12月莫斯科会议之后,苏俄便开始与英国,乃至整个大英帝国进行‘冷战’了。”[14]
如今已经被确立的定义是,透过间接性冲突所发动的战争。第一次以这个意义使用该术语,并描述二战后苏联与其卫星国,以及美国与其西欧盟国(实际上是作为敌对势力的卫星国)之间的地缘政治之紧张关系,为美国金融学家兼总统顾问伯纳德·巴鲁克所为。[15]1947年4月16日,他在南卡罗来纳州发表演讲(由记者赫伯特·斯沃普纪录)[16]时说:“我们必须面对现实,我们今天就活在一场冷战之下。”[17]报纸记者兼专栏作家沃尔特·李普曼随后在《冷战》(1947年出版)一书中,将这个术语发扬光大。[18]
相比之下,“热战”之术语偶尔也会被使用,但在军事理论文献中仍较少见。[19]
被打上冷战术语的紧张局势
[编辑]自美苏冷战以来,一些全球/地区的紧张局势也会被冠上冷战一词。
16世纪的英国与西班牙
[编辑]小阿道夫·S·奥科在1964年发表的法兰西斯·德瑞克之新阿尔比恩之主张的文章中,将16世纪英国与西班牙之间的一些紧张关系称为一场冷战。[20]
大博弈
[编辑]大博弈为19世纪大英帝国与俄罗斯帝国在亚洲发生的殖民对抗,尽管这同样有是个争议,[21]他仍被不同程度地描述成冷战。[22][23][24][25]
第二次冷战
[编辑]第二次冷战[26][27],又称冷战2.0[28][29]、新冷战[30],为描述冷战时期后美国与俄罗斯/中华人民共和国之间政治与军事紧张关系的术语。其中,华盛顿特区政策研究机构传统基金会凯文·罗伯茨[31]用此术语来代称中美对峙的局面。
中东
[编辑]马尔科姆·H·克尔首先创造出“阿拉伯冷战”之术语,其指的是阿拉伯世界内的两个势力,即由纳赛尔领导的捍卫阿拉伯社会主义、泛阿拉伯主义与阿拉伯民族主义的纳赛尔主义共和国,对抗由沙特阿拉伯领导的传统主义君主国之间的政治冲突。[32]
大西洋理事会成员比拉尔·Y·萨博、[33]About.com作家普里莫兹·曼弗雷达、[34]伊朗学者赛义德·侯赛因·穆萨维安和普林斯顿大学学者希纳·图西、[35]记者金姆·加塔斯、[36]《外交政策》杂志记者尤奇·德雷森、[37]布鲁金斯学会研究员苏尔坦·巴拉卡特,[38]以及《新闻周刊》记者乔纳森·布罗德[39]皆用“冷战”一词代指沙特阿拉伯与伊朗的关系。2016年2月,伊斯法罕大学的一位教授阿里·奥米迪否认了伊朗与沙特阿拉伯的冲突会越演越烈的假设。[40]
南亚
[编辑]评论员埃桑·阿赫拉里、[41]作家布鲁斯·里德尔、[42]政治评论家三佳亚·巴鲁[43]与普林斯顿大学学者齐亚·米安[44]自2002年以来就一直使用“冷战”一词来指称印度与巴基斯坦之间的长期紧张关系。这两国在1947年分治之前一直属于英属印度的一部分。
东亚
[编辑]海军研究生院学者爱德华·A·奥尔森、[45][46]英国政治家大卫·阿尔顿、[47]约克大学教授朴贤玉[48]与南加州大学教授大卫·C·康[49]用该术语来代指北韩与韩国之间的紧张局势。这两国间自1945年第二次世界大战结束以来就一直处于分裂状态。他们交替地称之为“朝鲜冷战”。2019年8月北韩政府表示,美韩进一步的军事合作将促使北韩“与朝鲜半岛与该地区陷入一场新冷战”。[50]
中华人民共和国国防部发言人耿雁生[51]、外交家杂志编辑香农·提兹[52]与《卫报》专栏作家西蒙·提斯达尔[53]也用此术语来代指中华人民共和国与日本之间的紧张关系。
中华人民共和国与苏联
[编辑]英国作家爱德华·克兰克肖也用这个术语来指中苏交恶后的中苏关系。[54]苏联与中共之间也发生了“间谍战争”。[55]
中华人民共和国与印度
[编辑]信德大学的伊姆兰·阿里·桑达诺、[56]OP金达尔全球大学的奥雅纳·K·查特吉、[57]记者贝蒂尔·林特纳、[58]作家布鲁诺·马萨埃斯、[59]政治家兼律师帕拉尼亚潘·奇丹巴拉姆、[60]政治家兼记者桑杰·贾[61]以及其他一些人[62][63]用此术语来代指中共与印度间日益紧张的关系。
21世纪的美国
[编辑]大多数美国人表示认为美国政治的左派与右派成员之间已然发生了冷战。比如说2016与2020年的总统选举、1月6日右翼暴徒对首府的袭击,及日益严重的政治分化等等。[64][65][66][67]
参见
[编辑]参考资料
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Full quote in the context of industrial labor problems in the United States of America in 1947 which could only solved, according to Bernard Baruch, through "unity" between labor and management which in return would give the United States the power to play its role as the major force by which, in the words of Baruch, "the world can renew itself physically or spiritually.": "Let us not be deceived-we are today in the midst of a cold war. Our enemies are to be found abroad and at home. Let us never forget this: Our unrest is the heart of their success. The peace of the world is the hope and the goal of our political system; it is the despair and defeat of those who stand against us. We can depend only on ourselves."
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Sergeev is especially concerned to subvert understandings in which the Great Game is viewed as 'a Victorian cold war'
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Like the Cold War, the Great Game was largely a proxy battle whose protagonists rarely confronted each other directly.
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Others suggest it continued well after this time, that 'the game' was really the Victorian prologue to the cold war years...
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Some would argue that the Great Game has never really ceased, and that it was merely the forerunner of the Cold War of our own times...
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延伸书籍
[编辑]- Mello Morales, Frank. Cold War' – The (Pre)history of a term. [29 September 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-17).