伊本·海什木

阿尔·哈金
阿尔·哈金(伊本·海什木)
出生	公元(965-07-01)965年7月1日 (伊斯兰历354 年) 现今伊拉克的巴士拉
逝世	1040年3月6日(1040歲—03—06)（74歲） (伊斯兰历430年) 法蒂玛王朝埃及开罗
居住地	巴士拉 开罗
知名于	《光学之书》、《有关托勒密的疑点》、《世界的结构》、《运动模式》、《光论》、《地方论》等, 科学方法, 实验科学, 实验物理学, 实验心理学, 视知觉, 解析几何, 天文学, 天体力学
科学生涯
研究领域	物理学、数学
受影响自	亚里士多德, 欧几里得, 托勒密
施影响于	伊本·魯世德, 威特罗, 罗吉尔·培根, 开普勒

海什木（阿拉伯语：محمد بن الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم أبو على البصري，拉丁化：Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham）是阿拉伯学者、物理学家、数学家，全名穆哈默德·本·哈桑·本·海什木·巴士拉，其名在西文中又写作Al Hazen，中文译作“海桑”、“哈金”等。有大量著作和被现代科学证明了的科学发现，尤其在光学研究方面有突出成就。

生平

海什木出生于公元965年7月1日（伊斯兰历354年）在伊拉克的巴士拉城。被认为是在不同学科都有杰出的成绩，如数学、天文学、医学等等，他早期学习工程，读希腊科学的书，和关于安达卢西亚学说的精华，接收并发展了这些学说。当时的埃及哈里发召集他参与控制尼罗河泛滥的工程，但是经过他的研究发现那是不可能实现的，从而招致哈里发非常愤怒。于是海什木就以装疯的方式避免了严重惩罚，转而被软禁，直到哈里发1021年死去。在此期间他完成了大量重要的数学论文。

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扩展阅读

主要文献

• Sabra, A. I., ed., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 1983 
• Sabra, A. I., ed., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 2002 
• Sabra, A. I., trans., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1989, ISBN 0-85481-072-2, OCLC 165564751 165564771 180528350 180528355 180528359 21530166 230045836 24910015 59836570  
• Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans., 写于Philadelphia, Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols., Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), 2001, 91 (4-5), ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716 
• Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans., Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Soc.), 2006, 96 (2–3), ISBN 0-87169-962-1, OCLC 123464885 185359947 185359957 219328717 219328739 70078653  

其他文献

• Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.
• Omar, Saleh Beshara, Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, June 1975 
• Saliba, George, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Reneissance, MIT Press, 2007, ISBN 0-262-19557-7 
• Belting, Hans, Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [1]
• Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [2]