极端民族主义
外观
極端民族主義(英語:Ultranationalism)是一種意識形態,和傳統民族主義的概念完全不同,強調某個國家或民族在政治、經濟和社會領域的利益與統治地位。通常表現為對自己族群的優越感和極端支持,同時將其他國家,種族,宗教或文化社群視為敵對與次等,並加以歧視,排斥和仇恨,進而引發種族主義和迫害等問題。極端民族主義往往伴隨著侵略性和暴力傾向,可能採取戰爭或種族清洗等極端手段以實現政治目標,它與國家復興的概念共同構成了法西斯主義的關鍵基礎。[1]
加略斯·布加杰斯基認為,民族主義在最極端或發展到終極形態時,類似於法西斯主義,其特點是仇外蔑視,支持專制政治並靠近極權主義,強調魅力型領袖,一個組織上無定形的運動型政黨,以及國家之間的「有機統一」。 [2]
羅傑·格里芬指出,極端民族主義本質上是仇外的,並且會通過神化自己歷史上的偉大成就,或者強調對歷史宿敵的仇恨來實現自身的合法化。它有時還會利用庸俗的體質人類學、遺傳學和優生學來對種族優越感和種族前途做合理化解釋,並衬托其他種族的墮落和劣等的观念。 [3]
极端民族主义政党
[编辑]二战后被认为过是极端民族主义者的政党:
参见
[编辑]参考
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- ^ {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/24/315445164/ultra-nationalist-party-surges-in-hungary%7Ctitle=Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary|newspaper=NPR.org|date=24 May 2014|publisher=National Public Radio}}
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Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.
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... Koizumi calls the war criminals 'martyrs', a view shared by many elderly veterans, Right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lawmakers and ultra-nationalist groups . He now claims that he visits the shrine as a private citizen, not as the prime minister. It is an open secret in Japan that most LDP politicians are linked to ...
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Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos.
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