符号学
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符号学 |
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基本概念 |
领域 |
方法 |
符号学家 |
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符号学[注 1](英语:semiotics)是关于符号过程和意义形成的系统研究。符号过程是涉及符号的任何活动、行为或过程,其中符号是向接受者传达某些东西(通常称为意义)的事物。意义可以是有意表达的,例如说出的具有特定含义的词;也可能是无意的,例如症状是特定健康状况的符号。符号还可以传递感觉(一般认为不属于意义),并且可以在个体内部(通过思想本身)或通过任何感官(视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉或味觉)进行交流。当代符号学是研究意义生成和各种类型知识的科学分支。[1]
符号学将符号和记号[注 2]作为传播的重要组成部分进行研究。与语言学不同的是,符号学还研究非语言符号体系。符号学的研究涵盖了符号以及符号过程、指示、指定、相似、类比、托寓、转喻、隐喻、象征、意指和传播。
通常认为,符号学具有重要的人类学和社会学维度;例如,意大利符号学家、小说家翁贝托·埃科提出,每一种文化现象都可以作为传播来研究。[2]此外,一些符号学家也关注它的逻辑维度。其研究领域也属于生命科学——例如生物体如何预测和适应它们在世界上的符号生态位。基础符号学理论以符号或符号体系为研究对象;应用符号学根据文化和文化制品通过存在符号构建意义的方式来分析它们。生物体中的信息交流则属于生物符号学(包括动物符号学和植物符号学)领域。
需要留意的是,现代意义上的符号学(semiotics)和索绪尔的符号学(semiology)传统并不等同,后者只是前者的一个子集。[3][4]
历史和术语
[编辑]符号和意指的重要性在哲学和心理学的大部分历史中都得到了认可。术语“符号学”的英文“semiotics”来自古希腊语 σημειωτικός (sēmeiōtikós),意即:“善于观察记号”[5](词根来自 σημεῖον (sēmeîon),意即:“征象、记号、标志”)。[6]对于希腊人而言,“记号”(σημεῖον,sēmeîon)出现在自然世界,而“符号”(σύμβολον,súmbolon)出现在文化世界。基于此,柏拉图和亚里士多德都探索了记号与世界之间的关系。[7]
直到希波的奥古斯丁[8],符号的性质才在传统体系中得到考虑。奥古斯丁提出了一个建议,即在一个更宽的“符号”(signum)的概念下将两者结合起来,以弥合自然-文化的鸿沟,并将符号识别为只不过是signum的一种(或亚种)。[9]Manetti(1987)研究了这一问题并出版了研究专著。[10][注 3]这些理论对西方哲学产生了持久的影响,尤其是通过经院哲学。
符号的一般研究始于奥古斯丁的拉丁文作品,以1632年John Poinsot的Tractatus de Signis达到顶峰,然后在1867年查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士尝试起草“新范畴表”时复兴。最近,翁贝托·埃科在他的《符号学和语言哲学》中指出,大多数,甚至可能是所有重要思想家的作品中,都可能蕴含着符号学理论。
由于符号学涵盖的范围过于广阔,一段时间内在西方世界的人文科学中并未得到重视,直至结构主义在二十世纪下半期兴起,以《Tel Quel》杂志为号召的哲学家,为了反对让-保罗·萨特的存在主义,则大量引用俄罗斯在共产革命前的一系列有关符号在文化上的再现过程的研究,故此,当今所讲的符号学在1960年代才正式出现(李维史陀)。符号学即一门分析符号系统如何运作的科学,探索意义如何透过符码、记号,在人类的沟通过程中被生产与传递;符号学认为,沟通的基础是传播者之间对于这套符码系统背后的规则与结构有共同的理解。
现代符号学一个主要源头是上世纪初瑞士语言学泰斗索绪尔的教学讲稿《普通语言学教程》(1916年),索绪尔将符号分成能指(signifier,符征、意符)和所指(signified,符旨、意指)两个互为表里的联结,真正确立了符号学的理论基础,影响了后来李维史陀和罗兰·巴特等法国结构主义的学者,被誉为现代符号学之父。
符号学的另一主要源头是美国逻辑学家查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士发展出的逻辑形式的符号学,在当代的意义建构[11]研究中的重要性已跃居索绪尔、李维史陀、罗兰·巴特之上,是对符号学发展影响最重要的人物之一。
主张和构成
[编辑]符号学中,将记号(sign,征象),即是可能发生意义的事态呈现,后经过觉知而转化为单一符号或符号系统,根据其传播模式而分类。所传播之意味以使用的编码而确定,并且将符号分成能指(signifier,符征、意符)和所指(signified,符旨、意指)两部分。广义上,这种能指可以是一段声音、一个手势、一个字符、或是一切所见所闻之事物。但是一个能指和所指的对应关系,只有在一个集体共同认可才可以形成,而通常来说,这不仅与语言中的词汇相关,且联系到语法。这对应关系所代表的事或物,也可能会因为社会和文化关系而带有隐意。
在《信息与意味》(Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics, 1994)一书中,马歇尔·达耐西(Marcel Danes)提出符号学家的职责应以研究指示关系为优先,其次才是沟通交流。
以文化为研究范围的是现代符号学的特质,当中包括民间故事分析(folklore analysis)、人类学(anthropology)、叙事学(narratology)、言说分析(discourse analysis)、神话符号学(semiotics of myth)、艺术符号学(semiotics of art)等领域。
符号学包括三个分支:语用学(pragmatics)、语义学(semantics)、句法学(syntactics)。
罗兰·巴特认为,记号有三个意义化的层次:这三层意义由外在到深层隐晦依序为明示义(denotation)、隐含义(connotation)以及意识形态(ideology)。
- 第一层明示义:记号具外观之具体、外显且可见的明显意义,容易转化为符号。
- 第二层包含隐含义与迷思(myth):一个记号的意义并不是因为他与世界中的某样事物有绝对的对应关系,而是以彼此之间的关系来产生意义的,所以将第一层的符号化体系嵌进文化价值体系之内,而有使记号有其符号的意义。
- 第三层意识形态:反映出文化用来组织和解释现实的广泛规则。
第一层 | 明示义 | 实际出现的内容 |
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第二层 | 隐含义 | 说明文本的权力效果 |
迷思 | ||
第三层 | 意识形态 |
主要学派
[编辑]瑞士结构主义符号学(1907年)
[编辑]费迪南·德·索绪尔(1857–1913)是瑞士开创现代语言学先河的语言学家。他于1907年毕业后开始授课并编讲稿,本身并没有作品传世,目前有名的《普通语言学教程》(1916年)是来自索绪尔的讲稿,由两位学生合编而成。他创立的符号学称为“semiology”,是按希腊语的“符号”衍生出来的用语。索绪尔建立的符号学是作为一种对人类社会使用符号的法则进行研究的科学,有别于传统语文学对语言的历史演变进行历时性研究,现代语言学集中处理在当下时空之中,语言内部的指涉法则,这种共时性的研究是索绪尔开创先河的提法,往后影响了法国的结构主义语言学、奥地利哲学家维特根斯坦、美国衍生语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基等。
由于索绪尔把语言符号分成两部分来处理,为研究文化符号或者意识型态的学者,提供了有系统的分析方法学,八十年代至九十年代间,在欧美文化批评界,符号学盛极一时。到目前为止,全球学院训练的文化批评者仍有不少使用符号学方法进行文化现象的结构分析。
自19世纪末起,符号学兴起之初是研究语言的一门学科,但目前研究语言的符号学已多用语言学指称,现今符号学意义指称的是结构主义符号学(structuralist semiotics)。
索绪尔符号学的特点是:
- 二元传统:一个符号(sign)分成能指(signifier,符征、意符)和所指(signified,符旨、意指)两部分。能指是符号的语音形象;所指是符号的意义概念部分。由两部分组成的一个整体,简称为符号。
- 符号的任意性:能指和所指两者之间的关系存在任意性(arbitrariness),没有必然联系。例如英文中的“tree”和中文的“树”的发声及串字组合,因约定俗成的习惯,指涉为“一种以木质枝杆为主体的叶本植物”的概念。
Thomas Sebeok[注 4]将“semiology”吸收进了更广泛的符号学“semiotics”,将索绪尔的符号学视为符号学整体的一部分,他也参与了第一个符号研究国际期刊《Semiotica》的定名。索绪尔符号学对结构主义和后结构主义流派影响深远。例如,雅克·德里达研究索绪尔提出的能指和所指关系时,指出能指和所指均不是固定的,遂创造“延异”(différance)一词,表示意义的无限延迟以及“超越的所指”的缺失。
皮尔士的符号学(1860年代)
[编辑]19世纪,查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士将他所谓的“符号学”(semiotic,他有时将其拼作“semeiotic”)定义为“准必要的或形式的符号学说”,它抽象了“必须是所有符号的特征”所使用的符号……一种能够通过经验学习的智能,”[12]并且这是在符号和符号过程方面追求的哲学逻辑。[13][14]一般认为,皮尔士的符号学是符号的哲学逻辑研究(符号未必是语言或人工的符号)、符号过程、推理模式和一般探究过程。皮尔士符号学不仅涉及外部交流机制(类似索绪尔的符号学),还涉及内部表征机器、探究符号过程、推理模式,以及一般意义的整个探究过程。
与索绪尔的二元传统(能指、所指)不同,皮尔士的符号学是三元的,包括符号、对象、解释项。 皮尔士符号学进一步将三元中的每一元细分为三个子类型:像似符号、指示符号、规约符号。[15]
皮尔士学派的学者和编辑Max H. Fisch(1978)[注 5]称,符号学的“semeiotic”一词是皮尔士个人偏好的对洛克所说的σημιωτική的翻译。[16]查尔斯·W·莫里斯跟随皮尔士使用了“符号学”这一叫法,并将这门学科从人类交流扩展到动物学习和信号的使用。
索绪尔的符号学是二元的(符号-句法、信号-语义),而皮尔士的符号学是三元的(符号、对象、解释项),皮尔士是根据符号研究的哲学逻辑构思的,其中符号并不一定是语言或人为的。
皮尔士的范畴表
[编辑]皮尔士的目标是将他的新的范畴表直接建立在由符号作用构成的经验之上,这与亚里士多德的范畴表不同,后者旨在透过人类理解,于经验内部阐释存在的维度,而存在的维度不依赖于经验,并且本身是可知的。
一般认为,皮尔士的符号学是符号的哲学逻辑研究(符号未必是语言或人工的符号)、符号过程、推理模式和一般探究过程。皮尔士符号学不仅涉及外部交流机制(类似索绪尔的符号学),还涉及内部表征机器、探究符号过程、推理模式,以及一般意义的整个探究过程。
动物能够解释其感知到的环境,并形成对象的“有意义的世界”,但是这个世界(或用Jakob von Uexküll的术语说,是“客观世界”,德语:Umwelt)[17]中仅有三种对象,即对于动物而言好(+)、不好(–)或“可安全地忽略”(0)的对象。
与动物不同,人类的理解在动物的“客观世界”基础上增加了一种对象内部的自我同一性关系,这种关系将所经验的对象转化为事物以及+、-、0对象。[18][注 6]由此,一般动物的客观世界就变成为了人类独有的客观世界,即“生活世界”(Lebenswelt),其中语言交流(源于生物学上未确定的人类“内在世界”(Innenwelt))开启了文化组织这一新的维度,而其他动物虽然也有社会组织,但其观察能力只能处理可直接感知的客观性实例。
人类文化之所以依赖于语言,并非首要是为了理解为交流,而是作为人类动物“内在世界”(Innenwelt)的生物学的未确定方面或特征,这一观点最初由Thomas A. Sebeok明确指出。[19][20]Sebeok在将皮尔士的研究带到二十世纪符号学舞台的中心上也发挥了核心作用[注 7],首先,他将人类符号活动(anthroposemiosis)扩展,囊括一般的动物符号活动(zoösemiosis),[注 8]然后再进一步扩展,使符号学囊括了植物符号活动(phytosemiosis)。这一创新最初是基于Martin Krampen的研究[21],但也利用了皮尔士的观点,即解释项作为符号关系中的第三项,“不必是精神的”。[22][23][24]
皮尔士区分了解释项和解释者。解释项是介于对象及其符号之间的内部心理表征,而解释者是创造解释项的人。[25]皮尔士的“解释项”概念开辟了理解动物生命领域以外的符号行为的方法(对"phytosemiosis植物符号活动" + "zoösemiosis 动物符号活动" + "anthroposemiosis 人类符号活动" 的研究 = biosemiotics 生物符号学),这是他超越拉丁时代符号学的第一个进步。[注 9]
符号学领域的其他早期理论家还包括查尔斯·莫里斯。[26]Jozef Maria Bochenski在1951年研究该领域时写道:“与数理逻辑密切相关的是所谓的符号学(Charles Morris),现已被数理逻辑学家普遍采用。符号学是符号的理论,分为三个部分:(1)逻辑句法学,符号相互关系的理论,(2)逻辑语义学,符号与符号所代表的东西之间的关系的理论,以及(3)逻辑语用学,符号、符号含义和符号使用者之间的关系。”[27]Max Black认为伯特兰·罗素的工作在该领域具有开创性意义。[28]
俄国符号学(1917年之前)
[编辑]- 弗拉基米尔·雅可夫列维奇·普罗普
- 米哈伊尔·米哈伊洛维奇·巴赫金
- 罗曼·奥西波维奇·雅克布森
- 尼古拉·谢尔盖耶维奇·特鲁别茨柯依
- 俄国形式主义:发展时期为1910至1930,深刻影响巴赫金、洛特曼和结构主义。
苏联符号学(1960年)
[编辑]法国结构主义符号学(1960年)
[编辑]美国符号学
[编辑]- 查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士:他的全集中有大量著作涉及所有意义发生过程的深入讨论。经过Thomas Sebeok以及Tartu学派的宣扬,已经在二十世纪末至今取得Semiotics龙头的地位。
- 迈克尔·希尔弗斯坦
意大利符号学
[编辑]艺术上的应用
[编辑]符号学作为艺术作品研究的一门学科分支,包括研究符号的定义和该定义的成因源头。很多时候符号学者会研究其他不同的生物作参考估计自然世界中的符号的形成。符号学学者相信以艺术作品中不起眼的个别符号作为参考对象,可以看出作者所希望传递的信息。符号在艺术上的象征性,是用来解释画面的一种视觉语言。较常见的如电影符号学,探讨导演透过诸如场景摆设和入场音乐所反映的心态。在畅销小说《达芬奇密码》中,主角透过符号学分析达芬奇的画作,揭露了耶稣拥有世俗血脉的议论性信息。
备注
[编辑]- ^ 此为当前两岸通用的译名;旧译为“记号学”。
- ^ 现代符号学中,英文文献的sign和symbol有时并不严格区分。但是在古希腊,自然记号和人工符号是两个不同概念,大致可对应英文的sign和symbol。本条目中,当两者不需要区分时,sign和symbol一律译作“符号”,以符合中文学术界习惯;当两者概念对立或并列时,按学者李幼蒸著作,将sign译为“记号”,symbol译为“符号”,以期符合其他条目(如记号、规约符号)之论述。此外,许多学者如赵毅衡,将 sign 译为“符号”,symbol 译为“象征”;还有一些学者把sign译作“征象”。
- ^ See also Andrew LaVelle's discussion of Romeo on Peirce-l.
- ^ The whole anthology, Frontiers in Semiotics, was devoted to the documentation of this pars pro toto move of Sebeok
- ^ Max Fisch has compiled Peirce-related bibliographical supplements in 1952, 1964, 1966, 1974; was consulting editor on the 1977 microfilm of Peirce's published works and on the Comprehensive Bibliography associated with it; was among the main editors of the first five volumes of Writings of Charles S. Peirce (1981–1993); and wrote a number of published articles on Peirce, many collected in 1986 in Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism. See also Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography.
- ^ "The distinction between the being of existing Dasein and the Being of entities, such as Reality, which do not have the character of Dasein...is nothing with which philosophy may tranquilize itself. It has long been known that ancient ontology works with 'Thing-concepts' and that there is a danger of 'reifying consciousness'. But what does this 'reifying' signify? Where does it arise? Why does Being get 'conceived' 'proximally' in terms of the present-at-hand and not in terms of the ready-to-hand, which indeed lies closer to us? Why does reifying always keep coming back to exercise its dominion?" This is the question that the Umwelt/Lebenswelt distinction as here drawn answers to." (Heidegger 1962/1927:486)
- ^ Detailed demonstration of Sebeok's role of the global emergence of semiotics is recorded in at least three recent volumes: (1) Semiotics Seen Synchronically. The View from 2010 (Ottawa: Legas, 2010). (2) Semiotics Continues To Astonish. Thomas A. Sebeok and the Doctrine of Signs (Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2011)—a 526-page assemblage of essays, vignettes, letters, pictures attesting to the depth and extent of Sebeok's promotion of semiotic understanding around the world, including his involvement with Juri Lotman and the Tartu University graduate program in semiotics (currently directed by P. Torop, M. Lotman and K. Kull). (3) Sebeok's Semiotic Prologues (Ottawa: Legas, 2012)—a volume which gathers together in Part I all the "prologues" (i.e., introductions, prefaces, forewords, etc.) that Sebeok wrote for other peoples' books, then in Part 2 all the "prologues" that other people wrote for Sebeok.
- ^ See Sebeok, Thomas A. "Communication in Animals and Men." A review article that covers three books: Martin Lindauer, Communication among Social Bees (Harvard Books in Biology, No. 2; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961, pp. ix + 143); Winthrop N. Kellogg, Porpoises and Sonar (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1961, pp. xiv + 177); and John C. Lilly, Man and Dolphin (Garden City, New York: Doubleday), in Language 39 (1963), 448–466.
- ^ For a summary of Peirce's contributions to semiotics, see Liszka (1996) or Atkin (2006).
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Campbell, C., Olteanu, A., & Kull, K. (2019). Learning and knowing as semiosis: Extending the conceptual apparatus of semiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Sign Systems Studies 47(3/4), 352–381.
- ^ Caesar, Michael. Umberto Eco: Philosophy, Semiotics, and the Work of Fiction. Wiley-Blackwell. 1999: 55. ISBN 978-0-7456-0850-1.
- ^ Semiology vs. semiotics. University of Eastern Finland. (原始内容存档于18 January 2019).
- ^ "The science of communication studied through the interpretation of signs and symbols as they operate in various fields, esp. language", Oxford English Dictionary (2003)
- ^ Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1940. "σημειωτικός." A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Available via Perseus Digital Library (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ σημεῖον (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Semiotics for Beginners: Signs. visual-memory.co.uk. [2017-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-14).
- ^ Deely, John. 2009. Augustine & Poinsot: The Protosemiotic Development. Scranton: University of Scranton Press. [provides full details of Augustine's originality on the notion of semiotics.]
- ^ Romeo, Luigi. 1977. "The Derivation of 'Semiotics' through the History of the Discipline." Semiosis 6(2):37–49.
- ^ Manetti, Giovanni. 1993 [1987]. Theories of the Sign in Classical Antiquity, translated by C. Richardson. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. [Original: Le teorie del segno nell'antichità classica (1987). Milan: Bompiani.]
- ^ The Science of Meaning: Essays on the Metatheory of Natural Language Semantics. Oxford University Press. 2018. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018).
- ^ Peirce, Charles Sanders. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol. 2: para. 227.
- ^ Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1998 [1902]. "Logic, Regarded As Semeiotic (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)," [manuscript L75] Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway, edited by J. Ransdell.
- ^ Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1998 [1902]. "On the Definition of Logic (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." [memoir 12]. Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway, edited by J. Ransdell.
- ^ Atkin, Albert, Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri , 编, Peirce's Theory of Signs, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2023 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University), 2023 [2023-03-21], (原始内容存档于2023-06-27)
- ^ Fisch, Max H. (1978), "Peirce's General Theory of Signs" in Sight, Sound, and Sense, ed. T. A. Sebeok. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 31–70.
- ^ 2001. "Umwelt." Semiotica 134(1). Pp. 125–135. [special issue on "Jakob von Uexküll: A paradigm for biology and semiotics," guest-edited by K. Kull.]
- ^ Heidegger, Martin. 1962 [1927]. Being and Time, translated by J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson. New York: Harper & Row. p. 487.
- '^ Sebeok, Thomas A. 1986. "Communication, Language, and Speech. Evolutionary Considerations." Pp. 10–16 in I Think I Am A Verb. More Contributions to the Doctrine of Signs. New York: Plenum Press. Published lecture. Original lecture title "The Evolution of Communication and the Origin of Language," in International Summer Institute for Semiotic and Structural Studies Colloquium on 'Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Communication Systems (June 1–3, 1984).
- ^ Sebeok, Thomas A. 2012. "Afterword (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." Pp. 365–83 in Semiotic Prologues, edited by J. Deely and M. Danesi. Ottawa: Legas.
- ^ Krampen, Martin. 1981. "Phytosemiotics." Semiotica 36(3):187–209.
- ^ Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1934 [1907] "A Survey of Pragmaticism." P. 473. in The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 5, edited by C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [originally titled "Excerpt from "Pragmatism (Editor [3])"]
- ^ Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1977 [1908]. "letter to Lady Welby 23 December 1908" [letter]. Pp. 73–86 in Semiotic and Significs: The Correspondence between C. S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby, edited by C. S. Hardwick and J. Cook. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- ^ Peirce, Charles Sanders. 2009. "Semiosis: The Subject Matter of Semiotic Inquiry." Pp. 26–50 in Basics of Semiotics (5th ed.), edited by J. Deely. Tartu, Estonia: Tartu University Press. See especially pp. 31,38– 41.
- ^ LOGOS – Multilingual Translation Portal. courses.logos.it. [2017-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26).
- ^ 1971, orig. 1938, Writings on the general theory of signs, Mouton, The Hague, The Netherlands
- ^ Jozef Maria Bochenski (1956) Contemporary European Philosophy, trans. Donald Nichols and Karl Ashenbrenner from 1951 edition, Berkeley, CA: University of California, Section 25, "Mathematical Logic," Subsection F, "Semiotics," p. 259.
- ^ Black, Max. 1944. The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell 5. Library of Living Philosophers.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Atkin, Albert. (2006). "Peirce's Theory of Signs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Barthes, Roland. ([1957] 1987). Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang.
- Barthes, Roland ([1964] 1967). Elements of Semiology. (Translated by Annette Lavers & Colin Smith). London: Jonathan Cape.
- Chandler, Daniel. (2001/2007). Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge.
- Clarke, D. S. (1987). Principles of Semiotic. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Clarke, D. S. (2003). Sign Levels. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
- Culler, Jonathan (1975). Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Danesi, Marcel & Perron, Paul. (1999). Analyzing Cultures: An Introduction and Handbook. Bloomington: Indiana UP.
- Danesi, Marcel. (1994). Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
- Danesi, Marcel. (2002). Understanding Media Semiotics. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford UP.
- Danesi, Marcel. (2007). The Quest for Meaning: A Guide to Semiotic Theory and Practice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Decadt, Yves. 2000. On the Origin and Impact of Information in the Average Evolution: From Bit to Attractor, Atom and Ecosystem [Dutch]. Summary in English available at The Information Philosopher (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Deely, John. (2005 [1990]). Basics of Semiotics. 4th ed. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
- Deely, John. (2000), The Red Book: The Beginning of Postmodern Times or: Charles Sanders Peirce and the Recovery of Signum. Sonesson, Göran. Pictorial concepts. Inquiries into the semiotic heritage and its relevance for the analysis of the visual world. Lund: Lund University Press. 1989.Sonesson, Göran, 1989, Pictorial concepts. Inquiries into the semiotic heritage and its relevance for the analysis of the visual world, Lund: Lund University Press.(578 KiB)Pictorial concepts. Inquiries into the semiotic heritage and its relevance for the analysis of the visual worldEprint (PDF). [2023-05-22]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-15). (571 KiB).
- Deely, John. (2001). Four Ages of Understanding. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Deely, John. (2003), "On the Word Semiotics, Formation and Origins", Semiotica 146.1/4, 1–50.
- Deely, John. (2003). The Impact on Philosophy of Semiotics. South Bend: St. Augustine Press.
- Deely, John. (2004), "'Σημειον' to 'Sign' by Way of 'Signum': On the Interplay of Translation and Interpretation in the Establishment of Semiotics", Semiotica 148–1/4, 187–227.
- Deely, John. (2006), "On 'Semiotics' as Naming the Doctrine of Signs", Semiotica 158.1/4 (2006), 1–33.
- Derrida, Jacques (1981). Positions. (Translated by Alan Bass). London: Athlone Press.
- Eagleton, Terry. (1983). Literary Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Eco, Umberto. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. London: Macmillan.
- Eco, Umberto. (1986) Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Eco, Umberto. (2000) Kant and the Platypus. New York, Harcourt Brace & Company.
- Eco, Umberto. (1976) A Theory of Semiotics. Indiana, Indiana University Press.
- Emmeche, Claus; Kull, Kalevi (eds.) (2011) Towards a Semiotic Biology: Life is the Action of Signs. London: Imperial College Press. pdf (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Foucault, Michel. (1970). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. London: Tavistock.
- Greimas, Algirdas. (1987). On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory. (Translated by Paul J Perron & Frank H Collins). London: Frances Pinter.
- Herlihy, David. 1988–present. "2nd year class of semiotics". CIT.
- Hjelmslev, Louis (1961). Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. (Translated by Francis J. Whitfield). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
- Hodge, Robert & Kress, Gunther. (1988). Social Semiotics. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
- Lacan, Jacques. (1977) Écrits: A Selection. (Translated by Alan Sheridan). New York: Norton.
- Lidov, David (1999) Elements of Semiotics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Liszka, J. J. (1996) A General Introduction to the Semeiotic of C.S. Peirce. Indiana University Press.
- Locke, John, The Works of John Locke, A New Edition, Corrected, In Ten Volumes, Vol.III, T. Tegg, (London), 1823. (facsimile reprint by Scientia, (Aalen), 1963.)
- Lotman, Yuri M. (1990). Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture. (Translated by Ann Shukman). London: I.B. Tauris.
- Morris, Charles W. (1971). Writings on the general theory of signs. The Hague: Mouton.
- Menchik, Daniel A; Tian, Xiaoli. Putting Social Context into Text: The Semiotics of E‐mail Interaction (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 2008, 114 (2): 332–70 [2023-05-22]. S2CID 8161899. doi:10.1086/590650. hdl:10722/141740
. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-08-24).
- Nattiez, Jean-Jacques. (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music. Translated by Carolyn Abbate. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Translation of: Musicologie générale et sémiologue. Collection Musique/Passé/Présent 13. Paris: C. Bourgois, 1987).
- Peirce, Charles S. (1934). Collected papers: Volume V. Pragmatism and pragmaticism. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press.
- Petrilli, Susan. Semiotics as semioethics in the era of global communication. Semiotica. 2009, 2009 (173): 343–67. S2CID 143553063. doi:10.1515/SEMI.2009.015.
- Ponzio, Augusto & S. Petrilli (2007) Semiotics Today. From Global Semiotics to Semioethics, a Dialogic Response. New York, Ottawa, Toronto: Legas. 84 pp. ISBN 978-1-894508-98-8
- Romeo, Luigi (1977), "The Derivation of 'Semiotics' through the History of the Discipline", Semiosis, v. 6 pp. 37–50.
- Sebeok, T.A. (1976), Contributions to the Doctrine of Signs, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
- Sebeok, Thomas A. (Editor) (1977). A Perfusion of Signs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Signs and Meaning: 5 Questions, edited by Peer Bundgaard and Frederik Stjernfelt, 2009 (Automatic Press / VIP). (Includes interviews with 29 leading semioticians of the world.)
- Short, T.L. (2007), Peirce's Theory of Signs, Cambridge University Press.
- Stubbe, Henry (Henry Stubbe), The Plus Ultra reduced to a Non Plus: Or, A Specimen of some Animadversions upon the Plus Ultra of Mr. Glanvill, wherein sundry Errors of some Virtuosi are discovered, the Credit of the Aristotelians in part Re-advanced; and Enquiries made...., (London), 1670.
- von Uexküll, Thure. Semiotics and medicine. Semiotica. 1982, 38 (3–4). S2CID 201698735. doi:10.1515/semi.1982.38.3-4.205.
- Williamson, Judith. (1978). Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Boyars.
- Zlatev, Jordan. (2009). "The Semiotic Hierarchy: Life, Consciousness, Signs and Language, Cognitive Semiotics". Sweden: Scania.
外部链接
[编辑]- Signo (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) — presents semiotic theories and theories closely related to semiotics.
- The Semiotics of the Web (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Center for Semiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) — Denmark: Aarhus University
- Semiotic Society of America (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Open Semiotics Resource Center (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) — includes journals, lecture courses, etc.
- Applied Semiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
皮尔士传统
[编辑]- Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Semiotics according to Robert Marty (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), with 76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
期刊和丛书
[编辑]- American Journal of Semiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by J. Deely and C. Morrissey. US: Semiotic Society of America.
- Applied Semiotics / Sémiotique appliquée (AS/SA) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by P. G. Marteinson & P. G. Michelucci. CA: University of Toronto.
- Approaches to Applied Semiotics[失效链接] (2000–09 series), edited by T. Sebeok, et al. Berlin: De Gruyter.
- Approaches to Semiotics (1969–97 series), edited by T. A. Sebeok, A. Rey, R. Posner, et al. Berlin: De Gruyter.
- Biosemiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by M. Barbieri (eic). International Society for Biosemiotic Studies (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Cybernetics and Human Knowing (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by S. Brier, (chief).
- International Journal of Marketing Semiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by G. Rossolatos, (chief).
- International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems (IJSSS) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by A, Loula & J. Queiroz.
- The Public Journal of Semiotics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by P. Bouissac (eic), A. Cienki (assoc.), R. Jorna, and W. Nöth.
- S.E.E.D. Journal (Semiotics, Evolution, Energy, and Development) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2001–7), edited by E. Taborsky. Toronto: SEE (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- The Semiotic Review of Books (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by G. Genosko (gen.) and P. Bouissac (founding ed.).
- Semiotica, edited by M. Danesi (chief). International Association for Semiotic Studies (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Semiotiche, edited by A. Valle and M. Visalli.
- Semiotics, Communication and Cognition[失效链接] (series), edited by P. Cobley and K. Kull.
- Semiotics: Yearbook of the Semiotic Society of America (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by J. Pelkey. US: Semiotic Society of America.
- SemiotiX New Series: A Global Information Bulletin (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by P. Bouissac, et al.
- Sign Systems Studies (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by K. Kull, K. Lindstrom, M. Lotman, T. Maran, S. Salupere, P. Torop. Estonia: Dept. of Semiotics, U. of Tartu (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Signs and Society (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by R. J. Parmentier.
- Signs: International Journal of Semiotics, edited by M. Thellefsen, T. Thellefsen, and B. Sørensen, (chief eds.).
- Tartu Semiotics Library (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (series), edited by P. Torop, K. Kull, S. Salupere.
- Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, edited by C. de Waal (chief). The Charles S. Peirce Society.
- Versus: Quaderni di studi semiotici, founded by U. Eco.
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